The positive changes in the economy of the United States during Bill Research Paper

The positive changes in the economy of the United States during Bill Clinton's term as President of the United States of America - Research Paper Example Clinton also ratified a large deficit reduction plan. One of the main reasons why Clinton was so successful was because he had skilled financial advisers who encouraged him to create practical policy decisions. Clinton’s economic policies would strengthen the American middle class thus assisting low-income families to capitalize on opportunities to lift themselves from the state of disenfranchisement. Clinton’s economic policies also made it possible for grants to be supplied to the science, educational, and infrastructure sectors, while tackling bridging fiscal gap. These policies essentially made it possible for the United States to benefit from the economic success that it would experience in the 1990s. A robust middle class is necessary for any nation to become developed. A weak middle class group can cause the national economy to stagnate. To strengthen the American middle class, Clinton created policies which would help families to be able to rebound from temporary financial stresses. Clinton was lucky in this respect because his actions were supported by congress; which is something that few presidents are lucky enough to experience. Some of these policies included: The Family and Medical Leave Act - This regulation made it possible for parents to be able to benefit from up to 84 days of unpaid leave when they needed to care for sick relatives or their infant children. Business organizations could not dismiss workers who made the decision to take advantage of this act. Increased minimum wages - Congress, in 1996, agreed to a 20 percent increase for workers who subsisted on minimum wage. This meant that those who formerly earned $4.25 per hour would then start earning $5.15 per hour. This increase would positively affect approximately 10 million full-time workers (Wood, 72). This incentive would not impact negatively on American employers. The child tax credit - President

Just and Unjust Ruler in Plato's Republic Article

Just and Unjust Ruler in Plato's Republic - Article Example It covers the questions about nature and about human and the soul of the human, and the cognition, and about the socio-political system, and the language, and art, sculpture, painting, music, eloquence, and education. The socio-political philosophy of Plato, his theory of politics, is an integral part of Plato’s philosophy. The world of ideas is an ontological framework and the semantic context of world affairs and phenomena, according to Plato’s idealism, therefore, the idea emerges as guidelines, standards, model and an example of organizing. The socio-political issues are reflected in several works by Plato: â€Å"Republic†, â€Å"Laws† and â€Å"Politics†. In these works he discusses the model of ideal and the best state, according to the philosopher; it is a perfect reflection of the essence, the implementation of the ideas of the world. Highlighting the project of an ideal, just state, Plato speaks about the connection of the cosmos as a whole, the state, and the individual human soul. The three principles of human souls are rational, violent and lusting. These principles are very similar to the state three beginning - deliberative, protective and business and the latter correspond to the three classes - the rulers, warriors, and producers (craftsmen and farmers). (Marinoff,2000) â€Å"What is justice?† - Plato asked in his most famous work â€Å"Republic†. In this dialogue, he describes a dinner at the house of the merchant with the presence of Socrates and several other characters. From time to time Socrates interferes into a conversation, and the company agrees that there is no reason to discuss the notion of justice without regard to society. Socrates then begins to describe his idea of a just society. The early dialogues by Plato in which Socrates is present, usually contain the ideas of Socrates. In the middle and later dialogues, there is some transformation, and the ideas uttered by Socrates belong to Plato. â€Å"

Concepts of Ethics and Professionalism in Business

Concepts of Ethics and Professionalism in Business Introduction Change is the only constant factor in everyday life. It is witnessed from the Stone Age to civilized age. When change affects life it also affects the environment and business. The business environment becomes extremely complex as change inflicts variety and diversity leading to deep and fundamental ways. Change in the values, environments of business based on the expectation of society has alerted business houses to realign its priorities. The changing economic, political, legal and social environment has also made the business and businessmen to consider the ethical approach to business. Therefore, there is paradigm shift from the goal of maximization of profit or wealth to ethical means to achieve them. The last 150 years have been marked the world over for rapidity of change ushered in by the advent of technology and industrial revolution. This period has also been marked for its attempt to generate unquestioning faith in human reason and intellect. The last century has witnessed that the intellect are becoming the cornerstones of the society. The rapid changes have improved the standard of living, also establishing a lot of sensible relationships in and around the society. There is a growing realization all over the world that ethics is virtually important for any business and for the progress of any society. Ethics makes for an efficient economy. Ethics is good in itself, ethics and profit go together in the long run and ethics alone can protect the society. An ethically responsible organization is one, which has developed a culture for caring for the people and for the betterment of society as a whole. Ethics has a considerable influence on the economy for efficient and smooth functioning. The government, the laws cannot always resolve certain key problems of the society and business. Ethical behavior enhances the quality of life. An ethically based economy can do wonders in the way of creating wealth or society. The task of business is to optimize the outcome of economic activity. It is the economic environment of business, which is the primary consideration in evaluating the business tactics. The present day economic environment of business is a complex phenomenon. The economic relations with the government, public, society and community influence the trend and structure of economy. People and society are part and parcel of an organization. People want and need to be ethical not only in their private life but also in public. The people are the ultimate sufferers if the affairs of the organization were conducted unethically which are detrimental to the society. Therefore, they have a concern over this. Over the last two decades, there has been a shift in the attitudes of corporate and their executives towards ethics. A silent revolution is in under way in business ethics today. The ideas, beliefs and attitudes associated with the profit ethic are being challenged as never before. The histori cal idea of the divine right of capital no longer applies. The changes in the values, cultures and customs lead to change, which in turn lead to re-engineering of ethics. The world of business ethics is quite broad and its tentacles spread into a number of areas in the larger sphere of business society relationship. The social responsibilities of businessmen, for instance, clearly involve ethics and morality. There is always a doubt in the mind of the businessmen about what is and what is not ethical. It is difficult to understand business or business society relationships, without knowledge of the ethics. Business ethics is what society expects from business. Mark Twain once said: To be good is noble. To tell people how to be good is even nobler. *FCS, Senior Reader in Corporate Secretaryship, Alagappa University, Kraikudi. **Ph.D. What is Business ethics? Ethics is defined as the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment. Ethics is the study of what ought to be, what is the ultimate good and how to achieve it. People have always thought that the primary purpose of business is to serve society. Business must have a social commitment otherwise business cannot enjoy social sanction. It is a study of human actions in respect of being right and wrong. Ethics is an attempt to discover that ought to be. Ethics forms critique of both ultimate values and goals and the means used in trying to achieve them. The history of business ethics displays a growing recognition of the need to examine the social transformations that have impacted organization, management and society. Ethics is a mass of moral principles or sets of values about what conduct ought to be. Ethics is a written or unwritten set of codes or principles governing business or profession. Ethics is a study that constitutes good and bad conduct, including related values. It has to do with fulfilling the relationship with people and society at large. When this applied in a business context, it becomes business ethics. Ethics in business has become one of the most challenging issues confronting the whole business community. Establishing ethical climate is like starting an endless marathon. The first step should be to change unethical behavior. It is an on going process. It never stops. Ethics is a contract between the business and the community based upon certain values of principles. An effective program of ethics requires involvement and commitment from all. The constituents should ensure commitment towards ethical behavior at all levels. Ethical consideration and ethical behavior should run thro the marrow of the bones and should be carried by the capillaries to all parts. Maximizing return has made a paradigm shift towards to the concept that it should be ethically achieved. Mr.J.R.D. Tata in his own words, ethical values have too often been ignored in recent years in the belief that quicker profits would be result. Major attributes of ethics Concept : The field of ethics may be conceived as a discipline, science, study or evaluation. Content : The subject matter of ethics is concerned with what is good or bad, right or wrong. Judgment : Judgment is required to determine whether human action is ethical or not. The judgment concerns the overt act, not the motivations behind it. Behavior and its cause is that what which is judged. Standards : Judgment is based upon standards, which are, of course, values. Values : The final element of ethics therefore, is the set of values and criteria used as standards for judging human conduct. Need for Ethics Business ethics are very much influenced by social movements, social system and social preferences. No business can survive or grow without social harmony. Individuals values, however best they may be, are not sufficient to attain the maximum level of ethical performance. Ethics and social responsibility are necessary for the survival because of the highly competitive climate that prevails today. The climate in which business operates has become cold and unfriendly to day as a result of revelations of unethical behavior that have rocked nations and the world. Ethics is crucial for an efficient and smooth operating economy. An ethically based capitalism can do wonders in the way of creating wealth for society. According to economic philosopher, Adam Smith: that our system of capitalism does not work well unless it has the moral co-operation of its participants. Jewish theologian wrote: Its what people do when they all are alone, when one is looking that makes all the difference betwe en civilization and the jungle. Ethics is important because either government or legislation cannot do everything to protect society. Technology races ahead much faster than the government can regulate. People in an industry often know the dangers in a particular technology better than government regulators who sit at a distance. Ethics is good in itself. Ethics is important to create a smoothly and efficiently running economy. The Bhagavad Gita asks us not consider only the fruits of our actions. It invokes the notion of passionless action. The concept of Gita of doing ones duty without seeking for the fruits, Manus concept of inheriting debts as well as property, the Mauriyan idea of accountability provide a basis for Gandhijis belief that politics and business must work hand in hand for the development. Factors having impact on ethics Ethical considerations vary by class, structure, economic group, industry, professional group and so on. Business ethics has to be on par with the ethical code of the society in which it operates. It is essential that the business adheres to the well-established ethics. The following are the factors that creates the basis to ethical consideration (a) Value, (b) Culture,and (c) Transformation. VALUE Values are additions or accretions to the image. Values are not fixed. They change. As they undergo change the society and its constituents also have to undergo the process. When the values undergo a change it takes the culture along with it. Values are crucially important factor in business relationships. Values create credibility with the public. It will certainly add value to the concern and create more credibility by being morally responsible and accountable. This creates a confidence in those who are directly and indirectly involved. An organization perceived by the public to be ethically, socially concerned will be honored and respected even those who have no knowledge of its actual functioning. Not only this enhances the credibility within itself but also with its employees. It creates a feeling of oneness among employees having a common goal. For an individual business values derive from multitude of sources, such as mission of business as a social institution, the nation in which business is located, the type of industry in which it is active and the nature. Over a period of time value become institutionalized with regard to business and society. These values perform two important functions. First they form as a guide to business environment. Second, they become strong motivators for people in business. They become the key factor in the system relationship of business with society. Business has certain rights but it also has certain responsibilities to society and in turn society has certain rights and responsibilities in regard to business activity. Value-ethical attitude helps management for better decision-making. The decisions are in the interest of public, society and environment. Ethical decisions are in the interest of public, society and environment. Value added rather based ethical decision-making will make an organization and its decision-maker to look into all aspects of economic, social, politico-legal aspects. CULTURE Culture is described as human environment of humans. The system aspect of culture is the set of relationship that makes it possible for human beings to create a society to pass the accumulated learning of the species from generation to generation and continue to make the accumulations of learning. Culture refers to activities, thoughts, feelings and artifacts which man acquires as a member of the society. Cultural differences separate the ethical attitude of different people. Much more emphasis is given to building and developing relationship and much less emphasis is given to the abstract concept issues. TRANSFORMATION Transformation is yet another reason for the change in culture and values. Transformation with regard to communication, viewing, travelling, shopping, working and playing envisage a change in the ethics and ethical practice. These phenomenal growth and development in these areas brought about a social change amongst public, society and business. These have improved the life style and quality of life, which in turn has created a change in the cultural and cultural values bringing out a revolutionary change in the ethical standards. Change is a permanent feature on mans social life and social system in the form of transformation. The economy as a whole has been through five revolutions in the twentieth century, which have transformed its basic structure and method of functioning. IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS Ethics corresponds to basic human needs. Most people want to be ethical not only in their private lives but also in their business affairs. People want to be part of the organization, because they perceive its purpose and activity to be beneficial to society. The basic ethical needs are probably one of the most cogent reasons for ethical concern on the part of organizations. Ethics create credibility with the public. A company perceived by the public to be ethically and socially concerned would be honoured and respected even by those who have no intimate knowledge of its actual working. Gaining the confidence of the community is vital to the business sector. Public opinion is the most powerful force in a democratic society. It is a way of achieving higher standards ethical behavior. Ethics give management credibility with employees. It provides a common language for aligning a companys leadership and its people. Ethics when perceived by employees as genuine create common goals, values and language. The management has credibility with its employees because it enjoys credibility with the public. It creates oneness among the employees. Ethics help in better decision-making. Ethical decision made by the company will always be in the interest of the shareholders, stakeholders, public and their employees. This is because respect for ethics will force the management to consider all aspects of a question both economic, social and ethical aspects. ETHICS IN MANGEMENT Ethics are principles of conduct used to govern the decision-making and behavior of an individual or group of individuals. Management is concerned with making decisions within an organization. Ethics of the individual or group making decision have significant implications for the organizations stakeholders, employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, the government and the public at large. It is important to develop code of ethics for decision-making. A code of ethics is a written document that outlines the principles of conduct to be used in making decisions. Code of ethics is based on philosophical approaches: justice, individual rights and utilitarianism. The principle of justice involves making decisions based on truth, without bias and consistency. The principle of individual rights concerns making decision based on protecting human dignity. The principle of utilitarianism involves making decisions directed towards promoting the greatest number of people. The Laws relating to ethics in business speaks about consumer protection, product safety, shareholders and stakeholders rights and environmental protection. Having a code of ethics with an implementation program is the minimum requirement for reputation of the management. Ethics focus its attention on solving not only the internal problems of the concern but also of the society at large. The economy as a whole has been thro five revolutions in the twentieth century, which have transformed its basic structure and method of functioning. First, the organizational revolution led to increase in number, size and power of organizations of all types. Second, the corporate revolution expanded the scale of business enterprise and led to dominate of modern big business corporations. Third, the managerial revolution saw the emergence of a class of professional mangers who took over the active control of large corporation. Fourth, the property revolution separated ownership and management and diffused property righ ts within the corporation. Finally, the capitalist revolution brought about a change in the moral order of capitalism and greatly enlarged the public role of business and the economic role of government. In this changed socio-economic environment the focus of business ethics is on social responsibility. Social responsibility is a reaction to the goals of the society and the economic, technological, social and political forces that mould the society. The ethics in the business community is not alienated or any different from the ethics in the society at large. The codes of ethics, legislative changes and the standards will not result in the desired holistic change. It is the mind set of the concerned people which matter most and not the stick that forces compliance with reluctance. Hence, there is an imperative need on the part of the corporate sector and profession to create a higher standard of openness, truthfulness, honesty, clarity, transparency and accuracy to ensure that all the stake holders have the best possible timely information. The corporates in general and professionals in particular must adhere to the highest ethical standards and assume a positive duty to unfold and update equivocally material information. Institutionalizing Ethics A business that seriously desires to operate in an ethical environment has to institutionalize ethics by drawing up a company policy and code of ethics, familiarizing all concerned at all levels with the code of ethics and ensuring the implementation. Code of ethics is nothing but a blue print of what is going to followed and adopted by the company from then onwards. The companys ethical code should be printed and circulated to all those who deal with the company, by clearly bringing out what is unethical conduct. The company may appoint ethics committee which offer training within and outside. The duty of the committee is to report periodically to the Board and offer suggestion for the betterment. The committee must also review the code of ethics from time to time keeping pace with the changing environment. Business ethics has to be practiced and preached. Before setting business standards, ethics and morality have to be internalized so that they become a part of the blood stream. I f the corporate becomes committed to self-imposed standards of business morality the whole countrys standards could be influenced. Development of Program of Ethics Merely endorsing a standard code or copying that of another will not suffice. It is important to find out on what topics and areas require guidance. Select a prominent personality to endorse the business ethics policy. Choose a framework, which addresses issues as they affect different constituents or shareholders of the company. The usual ones are: shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, and local/national community. Some might even include competitors. The code needs piloting perhaps with a sample drawn from all levels from different locations. The code of conduct framed should be distributed in booklet form. Publish and send the code to all concerned. Values and ethics are matters of governance. The board must be notified to involve themselves for ethical policing. Practical examples of the code in action should be introduced into all areas. Training for all concerned. Review mechanism should be established. A code master needs to be appointed. facets of business ethics Stakeholder/Shareholders or other providers of money Transparency and openness in all dealings. Providing adequate information to the shareholders/stakeholders. The investment protection and return on investment. Employees How the business values employees ? The companys policies on: working conditions, recruitment, development and training, rewards, health, safety security, equal opportunities, retirement, redundancy, discrimination and harassment. Customer Relations Customer satisfaction. Quality of product or service dealt. Fair pricing. After-sales service. Society/Community The laws of the society and community are to be respected. Environmental protection, Pollution abatement, Energy Conservation. In short improving the standard and quality of life. Government Business ethics from the point of view of business and businessmen is to provide information to the government in all matters that is required to be. Following the guidelines, policies and standard set up by the government. Paying the taxes that is legitimately due to the government. A growing global role People around the globe are more connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow more quickly than ever. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in all parts of the world. International travel is more frequent. International communication is commonplace. This phenomenon has been titled globalization. While some people think of globalization as primarily a synonym for global business, it is much more than that. The same forces that allow businesses to operate as if national borders did not exist also allow social activists, labour organizers, journalists, academics, and many others to work on a global stage. It means communication, interconnectedness. It means accomplishing things easier, cheaper, and quicker. Something on a bigger scope than local. It means opportunity, reducing trade barriers, growth. It means that there are many different ways to do things, all of which are valid in their own right. It means a composite of things, an aggregate view. It means reallocating resources away from poorer nations to wealthier nations. Its meaning depends on your point of view. Globalization is a medium which touches nearly every aspect of contemporary live in the civilized world. Globalization is the engine of trade and of explosive economic prosperity. Globalization is a dynamic concept of universal proportions. The result is the pressure on business to play a role in social issues will continue to grow. There is a growing interest, therefore, in businesses taking a lead in addressing those issues in which they have an interest where government has failed to come up with a solution. It is the continuing commitment by business to behave fairly and responsibly and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life as well as of the community and society at large. Unless there is accountability and transparency in the dealings the business cannot be socially responsible. The values of accountability, social responsibility, long-term vision, and ethical behavior have become more important. The wealth maximization or profit maximization begins at the floor level leading to value addition. When once value is added the concept of social responsibility would creep in. The present day scenario is different and far from reality. The world is entering a century with unprecedented changes for peace and progress. Globalization is the buzzword in the context. Business is the silken thread that binds the whole world. Therefore globalization of ethics is needed. The need is envisaged in the following areas. Global need for Stable and honest governments Transparency and openness to promote honesty in governments Commitment to internationally recognized human rights Developmental programs for environmental protection, pollution control, energy conservation Evolution for world code of ethics for business Conclusion A society cannot function without a set of values. Society is undergoing social change. Business system is a product of customs and beliefs of the society in which it exists. Ethics is a study of what is right and wrong. Ethical considerations decide whether the business enterprise is on par with the societys needs. Society is undergoing social change due to ethical considerations. So long as the value systems and philosophies of business go together, society will accept it. The resultant contribution would be positive. Social and ethical challenges in business take several forms and the impact is multidimensional and corporate governance is the key phrase. The changes that are taking place in the internal and external environment in which the business operates gave rise to a re-identification of their mission statement as BE INFORMED. BE INVOLVED. MAKE A DIFFERENCE. This new ethical standard and social attitude is blooming everywhere. References 1.Bowie, Norman E; Business Ethics; Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersy. 2.Davis Keith Blomstrom.R.L.; Business Society; McGraw Hill, New York. 3.Donaldson, John Others; Business Ethics; Academic Press, London. 4.Dr. Robert F. Drainan; Globalizaion and Corporate Ethics; JRD TATA foundation for ethics in Business, XLRI Jamshedpur. 5.Kumar.A, Joshi.K.M, Jagni.B.J.; Ethical Issues in Management; Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi. 6.Mathias,T.A.Sj; Corporate Ethics; Allied Publishers, New Delhi.

How a Bill Becomes Law Essay example -- American Government

It seems the Founders wanted to make the passage of legislation difficult. The Constitution settles how bills become law in the United States. The procedure is operose and can take significant time to complete. The course materials of week three offer more than enough information on how the procedure works. This essay will, mainly, use the course materials to describe the process of how a bill becomes a law. The process of transforming a bill into a law requires the participation of both the Legislative branch and Executive branch of government. Before there is a law, there is a bill – and bills have many phases to pass through before these may become laws. The course materials of week three point out that a bill can originate in the House of Representatives or in the Senate – but different versions of the same bill could begin simultaneously in both chambers of Congress (Unit 3 the Congress, 9). It is possible for the President – or someone else – to write a bill, but a member of Congress must introduce the legislation through sponsorship. New bills receive a number and receive assignment to the committee best suited to examine the bill. Project Vote Smart reveals â€Å"Bills may be referred to more than one committee and it may be split so that parts are sent to different committees† (Project Vote Smart 2010). If the bill passes through the committee – or committees – the bill may get a new number before passing on to floor action. But it is not necessary for the bil l to receive a new number. The foregoing stages describe the initial actions of the Legislative branch in the procedure of a bill becoming law. Depending on the chamber of Congress where the bill exists, the procedures for floor action differ. I... ...ences American Military University Faculty. Course Materials Unit 3 the Congress. American Public University System. https://online.apus.edu/educator/student/ [the rest of the URL is deleted as it contains information tied to my student ID number, etc. in the URL and this piece of html code presents a security risk] (accessed November 22, 2010). Harris, Lawrence S. Discussion Board 3, Response to Joshua Jordan . American Public University System. https://online.apus.edu/educator/student/ [the rest of the URL is deleted as it contains information tied to my student ID number, etc. in the URL and this piece of html code presents a security risk] (accessed November 22, 2010). Project Vote Smart. GOVERNMENT 101: How a Bill Becomes a Law . Project Vote Smart. http://www.votesmart.org/program_about_pvs.php (accessed November 22, 2010)

Persuasive Essay Essay

When you rummage through your refrigerator what do you seek? A bag of chips, a fruity flavored yogurt, some buttery popcorn? Whatever it is, it all fills you up. Whether it is with a junky treat or something partially healthy. Whatever you choose, it impacts you. It affects the way you sleep, the energy you have, and your blood sugar. So the little discussion of picking a chocolate bar and an apple impacts you greatly in the long run. This is why you should start making healthier choices now when you are still growing. I must admit it is easier for me to choose eating junk food. It may seem yummy and delicious, but its not. Almost every single piece of junk food is either full with fat or artificial flavorings. Did you know that the McDonalds fries contain 610 calories and 29 grams of fat? If you ate a Burger King, meal that contains 1,800 calories, it would take you nearly 6 hours of intense bicycle riding to burn away the calories. The average American kid eats at McDonalds at least one time each month. Teenagers drink around the average of 760 cans of soda per year. And not only does junk food just add fat and other unwanted substances to your body, it also harms you. Obesity is the second cause of death in America. The consumption of sodas has increased the risk of diabetes. Junk food is the major cause of most heart diseases or failures. Junk food causes high cholesterol, which causes long-term damage to your liver. Wow, pretty scary right? Ways to decrease junk food consumption would be the next time when you are rummaging through your refrigerator stop and choose the vegetable section. Pick a banana, or apple. Or leave junk food off-limits until special days or weekends. There are multiple ways, but the biggest way is the next time something sugary is about to go into your mouth, stop and think about all the negative sides. Because not only does junk food affect your weight, it affects your future.

Community Policing vs. Traditional Policing Essay

Policing in the United States has taken on many different forms and facets in the past 50 years. Although, various modes & models of policing styles continue to be introduced, two main aspects of law enforcement have remained constant, (traditional policing & community oriented- policing). There are so many different facets, trends, and new emerging technologies in the wide world of law enforcement. First, we will outline a brief history of the origins and evolvement of policing. Special attention will be lent to illustrate the effectiveness of the paramilitary style of dress, loyalty, and discipline in relation to the traditional style of policing in America; casting particular illumination on the organizational structure of the traditional police department. In addition, the solid, familial bond of brotherhood and sisterhood that exists within the casing of the traditional style of policing will also be presented and explained. Community oriented policing is the second side of policing that we are going to deal with; focusing on its American roots, effectiveness, and future direction of community-oriented policing. A brief biographical sketch will be painted of the person who many law enforcement researchers and analysts have credited with the implementation of the community-oriented model of policing. His basis, reasoning, and a cross-section of his 9 Policing Principles will also be discussed. The public reaction and relationship to-wards the community-oriented model of policing will also be brought to light. The many triumphs, pitfalls, differences, similarities, and core effectiveness of both models of policing will be contrasted and compared. The subject of what method or rule is best to use in the protection of the citizens who live, work, and raise families in the United States will more than likely remain a hot-button issue for many years to come. Depending upon the current governmental administration that is occupying our nations’ highest office, partisan politics play a vital role in how law enforcement precincts across America are funded, staffed, and managed. The prevailing morality views and sentiments of the community-at-large, and what they feel is most important to them, in terms of the main focus of law enforcement in their town, must definitely must be taken into account; when law enforcement agencies are outlining a departmental plan of action. More community action groups, government watchdog organizations, youthful offender programs,  positive, after school athletic activities, youthful offender programs, peer mentor-ship programs, faith-based, community initiative alliances, and law enforcement partnering with the community that it serves, (not just with City Hall and its partisan policies), are sorely needed in cities nationwide. When the law enforcement brotherhood is able to gain a crystal clear understanding of what type of services are needed in the various communities that each individual department serves, then and only then will the proverbial bridges begin to be built. Then healing and reconciliation can finally start between law enforcement and concerned citizens. All of these factors are core essential; to ensure that cities across America are able to grow and maintain a peaceful existence. Surprising to many, who may think that modern-day policing has its roots in the United States, the original formation and concept for the Metropolitan Police department was started in London, England. Sir Robert Peel, (also known affectionately as, â€Å"orange peel†), is credited with creating the first organized police force in 1829; while serving as Home Secretary of England. According to Peel, the true core concept of policing is, â€Å"the police are the people and the people are the police†. Sir Robert Peel established nine separate bedrock principles for policing that continue to stand as a road map for law enforcement agencies across America. The first principle Peel outlined in his plan was that, â€Å"the basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder†. This could arguably be one of his most important principles. Peel established a force of officers, also known as, â€Å"Bobbies†, and, â€Å"Peelers†, as they wer e known, in London. The new Bobbies were given beats, (particular area a Bobbie would be responsible for). While walking the beat, the Bobbies would interact closely with shop owners, and ordinary citizens. The close proximity of law enforcement in the community established not only an authoritative presence in the community, but also a sense of security for citizens. Bobbies wore dark, professional uniforms that further established their authoritative presence, (the uniforms from the 1800’s are still quite similar to the ones worn by the New York City Police Department). According to an article concerning the significance of uniforms, Richard R. Johnson, suggests from much research that:The uniform worn by also elicits stereotypes about that human beings status, authority,  attitudes, and motivations. The police uniform serves to identify a person as one vested with the powers of the state to arrest and use force. The uniform also serves to establish order and conformity within the ranks of those who wear it by suppressing individuality. The psychological impact of the police uniform should not be underestimated, Johnson, (2005). This very professional, paramilitary style of uniform worn by most American law enforcement officers is a perfect visual representation of the image that a traditional police officer should portray; one of power, professionalism, and trust. Building off of the professional concept of serving the public interest through uniform, clear-cut channels, we will explore the traditional police concept. The traditional method of policing, if practiced correctly and efficiently, is an extremely effective mode of operation for any successful police unit. The professional, paramilitary style of dress places the law enforcement officer in the frame of mind that he is a polished professional; and must live up to the image that his uniform represents, on or off the job. The traditional concept of policing also focuses on police administration, (also known as brass), to make most, if not all administrative decisions for all officers in a department or unit. This type of set-up relies almost totally upon loyalty,duty, and the honor code that exists among law enforcement officers; to ensure compliance with the way that daily official law enforcement business is handled from department to department. Depending on the particular department, law enforcement officers may adhere to an extremely strict code of fraternal brotherhood and sisterhood. This very same bond is usually only found in the armed services; this is the reason why many soldiers are honorably discharged or retire from the armed services to pursue fruitful careers in law enforcement. It means a great deal to a law enforcement officer to know beyond the shadow of a doubt that he or she can definitely depend on their fellow officer no matter what. Contrastingly, the community-oriented side of policing relies very heavily on placing much of the administrative and social duties that were once reserved for upper-level management in the laps of street level law enforcement  officers. One of the earliest accounts of active community policing in the U.S. was in 1962 by the San Francisco Police Department; who established a specialized unit of law enforcement officers based on the core concept that, â€Å"police would help to reduce crime by reducing despair—- by acting as a social service agency to ameliorate some of the difficulties encountered by minority group persons†, Patterson, J. (n.d.). With the creation of this unit, as officers assigned to this unique unit began to draw closer to the people in the surrounding community, the citizens’ new found relationship with members of this new, community-based police unit prompted some of them to muster enough courage to file formal complaints against regular pat rol officers. While on the one hand, the close relationship with the community was a good thing, the tension that now existed between the community-based unit officers and the regular patrol officers was one of major distrust and constant scandal. The community-based officer program was started to create a balance in community/police relations, but instead, stirred up a huge political mess in the San Francisco Police Department. In any event, the program was discontinued due to the dis-harmony that now existed between these separate sides of the police force. Many times solving one problem only creates a much larger dilemma. Community-policing had seen a major upswing in the 80’s and 90’s; but, departments across America are beginning to realize that the traditional-style of policing is one that commands the most overall respect from citizens. In closing, as law enforcement technology continues to increase at an almost feverish pace, the styles of law enforcement, (although slowly evolving), will basically remain the same. It would probably be safe to say that many police departments across the nation do not rely totally on community-oriented policing or traditional-policing; each department more than likely has a unique mixture of both of these policing concepts. Whether a particular leans toward the community concept or the traditional concept depends on the individual communities that each department serves. When law enforcement officials take time to conduct research on the various communities that they serve, then our cities can begin the process of placing their trust back in the hands of the police departments that patrol our multi-cultural communities every day. Bibliography 1)The Official Website of the City of Clearwater, FL., The Community and its History of Community-Policing., (2006). Retrieved from http://www.clearwaterpolice.org/cp/cp_history.asp2)Leineweber, G. V., (200-2005), Leine’s 10-42 Hideaway., History of Policing, Retrieved from http://www.leineshideaway.com/PoliceHistory.html3)History.com., Police., (n.d.)., Retrieved from http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=2195224)The Official Site of the Prime Minister’s Office., History and Tour, Sir Robert Peel., (n.d.), Retrieved from http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/sir-robert-peel5)U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. , What is Community-Policing? (2008, April 30). Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=366)Associated Content, Law Enforcement: Sir Robert Peel’s Concept of Community Policing in Today’s Society. (2007, Nov 8). Retrieved from http://www.associatedc ontent.com/article/435980/law_enforcement_sir_robert_peels_concept.html7)LondonBobbies.com, Home Page. (2004, July 19). Retrieved from http://www.aowo42.dsl.pipex.com/8)Johnson, M.S., R.R., Police Uniform Articles, The pspsychological influence of the police uniform. (2005, March 4).,retrieved from http://www.policeone.com/police-products/apparel/uniforms/articles/99417/9)Patterson, Sgt. J., ‘Lectric Law Library, Community Policing: Learning the Lessons of History., (n.d.)., Retrieved from http://www.lectlaw.com/files/cjs07.htm

Essay about Financial Statement Analysis

Essay about Financial Statement Analysis Essay about Financial Statement Analysis Wells Fargo Co. and SunTrust Bank are two of the largest US banks, both in the top on SNL Financial’s list of 2012’s largest banks (Forbes, 2012). Although both companies are in the same business they each do business in different ways, with different focuses. Wells Fargo is a larger national bank, with branches and ATM’s in 39 states, SunTrust is a slightly smaller regional bank with branches located in only the south east in 9 states. Both banks use customer deposits to fund their primary income source of loans and mortgages, as well as offering financial advisors and investments. Over the recent recession both banks have found ways to remain profitable, Wells Fargo even used to opportunity to expand its market with the takeover of Wachovia Banks, expanding their branches into 15 more states and the District of Columbia beginning December 31, 2008 (WF, 2009). Along with new opportunities the recent financial crisis has brought more stringent regulation in the banking industry. Because of the importance of banks in the local, state, and federal economies the financial industry is heavily regulated at each level. After the weaknesses exposed by the recent financial crisis new regulations were put in place. Among these regulations was the Dodd-Frank Act, signed into law July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act mandates annual stress tests to ensure intended to ensure institutions have sufficient capital to absorb losses and support operations during adverse economic conditions so that they do not pose risks to their communities, other institutions, or the broad econo my† (FRB, 2013). The most recent of these stress tests just concluded at the beginning of March 20 13. Other areas of consideration for both financial institutions are the interest rates, both the discount rate the Federal Reserve charges banks to borrow money, as well as the rates both paid and charged by competing banks and credit unions. If a competing bank offers significantly higher interest on deposit accounts then clients may move money away, leaving the banks less capital available to lend, similarly if competing banks or credit unions offer loans with significantly lower interest rates the bank may also lose customers, or lose income as they try to match the lower interest rates. Additionally the economy as a whole greatly affects the banking industry; higher unemployment will mean fewer deposits are being held in the bank lowering the total amount the banks can lend out to their customers, higher unemployment also results in less borrowing as customers have less disposable income to buy new cars, make home improvements, or buy a new home. A sagging housing market results in lower home prices so the mortgages that are taken

Social Faciliation essays

Social Faciliation essays People seem to act differently when other people are around. Is there a reason for this? Psychologist, Robert Zajonc (1965,1980) thinks so. He discovered that "the presence of others increases arousal, which can affect performance in different ways, depending on the task at hand" (249). This is termed the Social facilitation theory, which relates with how the presence of other people affect our behavior. Zajonc believes there are three steps to the presence of performance. First, the company of other people causes a physical arousal, livens up the action. Secondly, the person will perform the "dominant response" (the most simple response to the situation). Lastly, Zajonc thinks the quality of the persons action depends on the kind of task theyre doing (249-250). Therefore, the complete definition of social facilitation is a "process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs the performance on difficult tasks" (251). Two personal examples will demonstrate both areas of this concept. In high school I tried out for the volley ball team. I never played before besides in gym class, but to my surprise I made varsity. Practices were vigorous and stressful, yet after a few weeks I had the basics of the sport. More importantly, my coach thought my powerful serve was going to help the team a lot that season. The first home game the stands were packed. Most of my friends, my parents and my boyfriend all sat waiting anxiously to see me at my new game. Well, as we were huddling before the game I saw my name on the starting roster. I was like, "you have to be kidding me." Not to mention, I was the first player to serve. I get in the game and I hear people cheering for me in the bleachers. Smiling, I turn to them and I begin to sweat feeling a wave of intense energy come over me (physiological arousal). Now, I grab the ball throw it in the a ...

Analysis of Linear DNA Genomes Separation in Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis has been widely used as a form of separating DNA genomes in varying sizes from 100 kp upto 25 kb. Isolation of Agarose gel is obtained from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria.in the gelato process, the polymers of agarose often form an association of none covalent which form networks of pore sizes which determine the molecular ability of sieving properties. Use of gel electrophoresis is beneficial in separation of DNA genomes. Electrophoresis process is key in separating the different nucleic acids using various sizes and charges depending on the contents of the solution. In this experiment, lab analysis of gel was used to put gel solutions in charged nucleic acids for separation purposes. At this point the larger DNA and RNA have a hard time in separating thus allowing time for separation of the genomes based on the sizes. The rate of separation of the DNA molecule in the experiment was determined by the rate at which the sizes of the DNA, the concentration of the gel, DNA Conformation present, voltage degree applied, ehidium bromide solution introduced, type of agarose and the buffer being utilized in electrophoresis. After the process of separation, DNA molecules will be able to be visualized in the UV light using staining process to identify the different genomes. Thus in essence DAN electrophoresis defines the process by which the DNA migrates in the supporting medium. Most of electrophoresis is carried in agarose gels in narrow polymers of gels using pores of different sizes, this sieving provides a means by which the pores gives an opportunity for the DNA molecules to go through the pores at different sizes thus being separated using molecular weights. Thus this laboratory report uses agarose Gels while staining with ethidium bromide   to assess the separation process of the different DNA genomes. Thus it seeks to investigate the DNA genome separation to assess the different nucleic acids by their respective sizes. Refer to the Lab Manual 5 for in-depth methodology and procedure. Diagrammatic presentation of gel DNA Table 1; Showing gel electrophoresis picture Table 2; Showing curve presentation of the base pairs against distance travelled Table 3; Showing table figure for the curve Table 4; Showing how to calculate base pairs Example suppose we have a base pair having travelled 0.3 cm, then draw a line as illustrated above and take the readings on the corresponding logbp and take the anti log, which you get the base pair size. Table 5; Showing the sizes of pUC19 and their insert sizes Agarose gel electrophoresis has been utilised as a common method for separation of proteins, (Kryndushkin et al., 2003). The basic forms of nucleic acids can be separated through the aid of electrification process whereby charged molecules move to the anode side. This migration as depicted in the experiment ensures that molecules which have lower molecular weight are able to move faster, (Sambrook & Russel 2001). The process of electrophoresis is a crucial step in ensuring purification process of the desired DNA bands. In this experiment the usage of ethidium bromide is essential in visualizing the staining of the transcend DNA molecules. In this task, the Agarose gel electrophoresis plays a key role in ensuring the characteristics of DNA are obtained without any alterations. This experiment has yielded results which have enabled determination of DNA fragments sizes through digestion by restriction enzymes. The visualization has been effected with the use of ethidium bromide which is a common agent in nucleic acid purification process. The Agarose gel concentration on this task entailed the separation of the gel using agarose gel concentration of 0.2%w/v having bands from 0.1-1 kb. The distance travelled by DNA molecules in electrophoresis is directly proportional to the size of the DNA itself. The agarose gel is beneficial in ensuring that there are movements based on their sizes. With the various differences between the various rates of the DNA molecules in the gel solution, they are separated based on the size of the bases. The relationship built between the varied sizes of the DNA genome. The sieving of DNA is done through the size which it bears, (Southern, 1975). The length of DNA strands often vary from 50 base pairs to upto million s base pairs which agarose gel electrophoresis can be effective in separating them , the migration and distance travelled is linked on the concentration of the agarose used to prepare the gel. Concentrations having lower concentration are able to travel faster in the distance travelled and vice versa. In this study agarose gel of 2% has been used which was effective in separating the DNA at range of 0.1-1 kb, the low percentile gels often signify gels which are weak. Double stranded DNA moves faster as the molecules travels; its speed is inversely proportional to the logarithm of base pairs. This linked and established relationships depends on the strength of the of gel composition. The distance travelled by the digested genome signifies that there is action of restriction enzymes which shows that there restrictions which have taken place, thus distinguishing the variability linked to genetics and enzyme cost. The digested fragments were this separated using the agarose gel electrophoresis which showed continuous smear on the gel surface with the distribution of the difference fragment sizes being established. Digested pUC19 is a plasmid and able to transform itself on the transformation process where it can be able to multiply itself and express. Undigested pUC19 originate from E coli and contain high number of base pairs. The transformation efficiently portrayed shows that smaller pUC19 plasmid sin E choli can be manipulated and be transformed from the ampicilin forms. This shows that the DNA is in contact form with plasmid DNA being intact and with presence of viral chromosomes which can be transformed into high efficiencies. This transformation is through the resulting effect of digestion of peri plasmids. The undigested Puc19 shows presence base pairs which have the ability to perform recombination and be incorporated into cells, (Goto, Kenta & Yukio, 2013). The lanes which have recombination factor is able to facilitate the cloning of DNA in host cells.   This signifies recombination of various fragments of gel solution. The lanes that have been generated originated from digestion of particular DNA, which gives it equimolar amounts. Based on the lanes, there is variation on the number of non molar amounts, thus signifying that there is difference in band lengths. Others have shown to represent circular forms of the plasmids which is dependent on the age and quality of the plasmids. The existence of three forms of DNA formation which exists include linear formation, open circular formation and supercoiled forms. Plasmid DNA have been prevalently been studied in laboratory studies. After its preparation they exists in the three forms above. With good plasmid preparation, DNA often form plasmid which exist in any one strands of the DNA, this break causes the release of the phosphordiester backbones of the DNA to be released out. The visualising process of the agarose gel using the standard control tool is key to assess whether the bands have created a generation or not. Closer bands are well compressed than far away bands as indicated in the gel view. The standard marker used in this experiment was essential in ensuring that the standards sizes are generated using base pairs. This result signifies that electrophoresis is an effective way of separating nucleic acids. High gel agarose gives room for handling of low percentage gel separation. Due to the size of the base pair present in this experiment, has utilised field gel electrophoresis. This is   comparable to studies done (Lee et al, 2012), which have shown that sizes of DNA can be separated effectively through plotting on the log of molecular weight and different bands of DNA against the distance moved, this portray how different forms of gel can be able to move at different speeds. Super coiled plasmid DNA have sown to move faster, while those in linear formation travel averagely while open circular travel slowly. Goto, K., & Nagano, Y. (2013). Ultra-low background DNA cloning system. PloS one, 8(2), e56530. Kryndushkin DS, Alexandrov IM, Ter-Avanesyan MD & Kushnirov VV (2003). Yeast [PSI+]   prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp10. Journal of Biological Chemistry.278 (49): 49636. Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2012). Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (62). Sambrook J&Russel DW(2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Southern, E. M. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J mol biol, 98(3), 503-517.

Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals Essay

Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals - Essay Example The essay "Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals" analyzes the influence of Evaluating Fashion on Individuals. Fashion has been used as the resource by individual for the purpose of construction of their identity and positioning themselves at a higher place in comparison to other. Fashion has an important role to play in articulation of ethnic identity in relation to the contemporary setting in routine life ethnic identity just like other types of social identity. It is not considered to be real and essential, but actually it is a multi faced phenomenon, which is different at varied places and time. An imperative factor, which is helpful in construction and articulation of ethic identities with the help of fashion, is cultural displacement. In relation to force, which is exerted for the purpose of relocation to different parts of world because of slavery, poverty, religious and political persecution, etc. have been very helpful in marking out a new space for cultural prefe rence in terms of fashion. Along with this, the advent of globalisation has also been a key factor, which has influenced the lives of young people. There has been a debate over the change in fashion patterns because of globalisation. Late modernity, which is a period representing the disjunction between the communities and securities of modernity and the realities of post-second world war has been highly influence by the trends of fashion industry. At the time of 1970s, the research undertaken by Dick Hebdige.

The point of making people and organizations more accountable Essay

The point of making people and organizations more accountable - Essay Example This is because there are the stakeholders who need current information on the status of their concerns. For example, in an international session that looked at accountability across all sectors involved in HIV, including community, government and UN, a reporter reported that - The movement is now fragmented. There are some new voices but it's not representative of everyone. And ever since treatment became accessible, the sense of urgency is lost. Many activists who were fighting for their lives have now gone on medication and gone back to having full time jobs (Narayanan, 2006). One strong point of making people and organizations more accountable is that people's ability to realise their rights to resources have increased (Newell &Wheeler, 2006b). Accordingly more responsive institutions enable people to gain access to resources, equipping them with legal frameworks, citizen engagements, understanding of accountability, and state-market relations. Citizens are taught a range of informal and formal strategies to demand accountability, too. Another reason in making people and organizations more accountable is to fight the perception that the organization is illegitimate. Therefore, organizations, especially those international in scope, need to increase transparency, improve accountability, and think harder about norms for global governance (Nye, 2001). By increasing visibility, criticism may be minified (Lloyd & de Las Casas, 2005). It cannot also be discounted that some organizations are speaking up on behalf of marginalized communities and have facilitated the participation of these communities in such matters as HIV/AIDS response (Code of Good Practice, 2004). There are questions then about the quality and accountability of programmes being delivered by some organizations. NGOs are said to have lacked resources, technical skills or experience, and this has implications for the quality of programming, monitoring and evaluation of these programmes (Code of Good Practice, 2004). The truth is that not everyone benefits equally from programmes so that attention has to be given to issues of intra-community accountability, adequate channels of representation, and new mechanisms for inclusion and participation (Newell & Wheeler, 2006b). This sense of community as a reason for accountability was also emphasized by Johnsson (1996). Another is that while markets have bonded people together, environmental, social, and political interdependence have also increased (Nye, 2001). There is concern that humanitarian agencies have no accepted body of professional standards to guide their work, especially when new ones are coming into the humanitarian sector. A truism is that whether experienced or newly-created, humanitarian assistance agencies could make mistakes, be misguided or sometimes misuse the trust placed in them (Borton, 1994). Moreover, any allocation of resources needs guidance (Code of Good Practice, 2004). There is also the need for donors to be more accountable to those they aim to support and those they press to reform (Newell & Wheeler, 2006b). History is replete with peoples' fight from developing countries with country borrowings with the World Bank and IMF. Indeed, rational behaviour (Olson et al, 1998) is one point of making

Connecticut local Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Connecticut local Government - Research Paper Example ne at the Lincoln Basset School in four areas: academics, culture, talent and climate and operations noted that the school was below standard in most areas. Shahid (2014) stated that divide among staff, lack of basic resources, such as white boards and projectors and chronic absenteeism among students was the reason for the poor performance. The school was added to the State Commissioner’s Network for underperforming schools so as to significantly improve through collaborations between the state Department of Education and local stakeholders.(Shahid , 2014) Prior to finding the article I did not know that it was an issue within my community. When reading the article what amazed me was how the afterschool program has impacted positively to the kids as it serves as a catalyst for them to indulge into other avenues other than being closed with no exposure. I believe I feel this way because the program can help chronically low performing school rise. If I lived in my classmates’ community, I would ensure that they make use of their afterschool time to be doing something productive and impact their lives positively. I am saying this because many at times students engage themselves into bad behaviors like smoking and drinking alcohol. Shahid. A, Karim (2014).New Haven after-school program aims for positive life outcomes forparticipants .Retrieved from

Case Analysis Paper Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis Paper - Case Study Example Apparently, foreign investments have immensely contributed to growth of India’s economy. The government of India is more likely to adopt or implement a more robust policy regime to lure more foreign investors into the country (Enz, 2010). Led by Narendra Modi (Prime Minister), the government has ultimately approved various economic reforms in the recent past in an effort to attract more investors into the country, especially those in the service industry. For instance, the government is likely to open doors to international hotel chains to join local establishments in the vastly competitive hospitality industry. The deeper pockets, such as cash and many other resources of international hotel chains are likely to give India competitive advantage over domestic chains (Dayal-Gulati & Jain, 2010).. The economy of India will particularly record a major growth as international hotel add a great deal to the revenues collected from the hospitality industry. The government of India has allowed foreign investors to invest directly in its economy, giving the country a competitive edge over its domestic chains (Dayal-Gulati & Jain, 2010). However, the advantage of the deeper pockets might not be sustainable in the long-run. Apparently, Indian government must protect its local established and infant chains. Although international chains significantly contribute to the growth in the country’s revenue, they (foreign/international chains) may eventually trigger collapse of local competitors. Growth in popularity of Indian market is likely to increase the aggressiveness of other global and domestic chains, posing enhanced or heightened competitive threats (Dayal-Gulati & Jain, 2010). However, domestic chains also play an integral role to stabilize India’s economic growth, as well as to give the economy a fairly systematic resilience. The Indian government, on the other hand, has to play its part not to let foreign corporations take

Bar Coding in Administering Medication Case Study

Bar Coding in Administering Medication - Case Study Example Such a situation arises when all the intended information about the patient and the medication is not communicated to the doctors, nurses and other support staff with all clarity. Bar coding provides a reliable solution to such errors. With the help of bar code; Speed of identifying the patient, illness, prescription, past history, complications encountered etc. increases manifold. Instead of going through the lengthy papers, a bar code helps in comprehensively identifying the patient, thus helping in saving the precious time and the life of the patient. Label design, barcode and printing software: The label can be designed with information regarding the medication being given to the patient, his medical history, his identification, lab specimen collection, verification of blood products prior to transfusion, electronic charge capture of supplies at the point of use, automated medicine dispensing system, information about doctors' and other support staff etc. Pharmacy Management Software & Pharmacy Management Technology Providers: Such comprehensive systems are provided by QS/1, PanaceaRX, AmerisourceBergen Technology Group, Retail Management Solutions, Speed Script, SRS Systems, RXLink, RS Software, AdvanceNet Health Solutions, Etreby Computer Company, Inc., Per-Se Technologies (formerly NDCHealth), PharmTrak, OPUS-ISM, McKesson Pharmacy Systems, HBS Pharmacy Services, Soft Writers, Inc., THOT Corporation, CarePoint, Inc., HCC Pharmacy Solutions, JASCORP etc. Hardware Requirements: To handle the bar coding effectively in health care sector, all the above mentioned software require adequate hardware support. For the implementation of eMAR services we need; A dependable computer/s with good amount of hard disk space, DD RAM and a latest processor fitted with the bar code reading software and other peripherals. An LCD monitor works well with such systems as it occupies lesser space and the screen in more readable. Bar Code Scanner/ imager ID Bar code printer. This printer has to be a

Compagnie Generale des Eaux Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compagnie Generale des Eaux - Case Study Example The efforts of Guy Dejouany express the company's commitment in maximizing its financial resources by putting them in different investment opportunities. The leader should also be noted for his effort in minimizing company risk by not putting all its investment in a single industry. In contrast, he tried to distribute risk by putting the company's fund in various industries. Guy Dejouany also broadened intensified the influence of CGE by broadening its reach and market base. By establishing presence in industries where the company has no previous operation, CGE gained more bargaining power through its large size and coverage. However, it should also be noted that the choice of which industry to diversify into is the sole choice of Dejouany according to his personal experiences and relationships instead of generating more formal business analyses. The leader has launched aggressive efforts in order to ward off competition or strengthen the business organization's position against its rivals. In terms of management style, Guy Dejouany can be characterized as a charismatic leader who influenced people through his personality. Though engaged in a wide array of businesses, decision making is highly centralized emanating from a superior who very much involved in the operations of each business unit. During his administration, transactions and relationships have operated on trust while no significant attention is put on the performance of his subordinates. Models of Diversification Employed by Dejouany Keeping in mind that CGE has started as a player in the water utility business, the company's efforts to diversify in health care, transport, telecommunication, and real estate sectors represent a move toward unrelated diversification. With this, it should be noted that Dejouany employed conglomerate diversification or opting to deliver new products to new markets which are the currently not served. In other instances, he also utilized vertical diversification by acquiring business organizations which are in the same value chain. Basing decisions solely in his relationships and personal experiences, Dejouany had undoubtedly entered industries which are highly unrelated. Conglomerate diversification has been used in order to manage the complexity of various businesses under a single portfolio. However, instead of utilizing the company's resources to execute similar processes within business units, CGE maintained the separation between its business entities. In contrast to the typical strategy of acquiring promising small companies, CGE opted to establish new companies which will serve new clients. There has also been no establish relationship between business units and often, subsidiaries are unaware that they are a part of a single organization. Problems in the 1990s The year 1990s sees the near collapse of CGE because of its disastrous financial and overall performance. The problems of the business organization can be traced to its larger business environment and issues inherent to its operation and governance. As discussed above, the decisions within CGE are solely made by Dejouany who build businesses

Bar Coding in Administering Medication Case Study

Bar Coding in Administering Medication - Case Study Example Such a situation arises when all the intended information about the patient and the medication is not communicated to the doctors, nurses and other support staff with all clarity. Bar coding provides a reliable solution to such errors. With the help of bar code; Speed of identifying the patient, illness, prescription, past history, complications encountered etc. increases manifold. Instead of going through the lengthy papers, a bar code helps in comprehensively identifying the patient, thus helping in saving the precious time and the life of the patient. Label design, barcode and printing software: The label can be designed with information regarding the medication being given to the patient, his medical history, his identification, lab specimen collection, verification of blood products prior to transfusion, electronic charge capture of supplies at the point of use, automated medicine dispensing system, information about doctors' and other support staff etc. Pharmacy Management Software & Pharmacy Management Technology Providers: Such comprehensive systems are provided by QS/1, PanaceaRX, AmerisourceBergen Technology Group, Retail Management Solutions, Speed Script, SRS Systems, RXLink, RS Software, AdvanceNet Health Solutions, Etreby Computer Company, Inc., Per-Se Technologies (formerly NDCHealth), PharmTrak, OPUS-ISM, McKesson Pharmacy Systems, HBS Pharmacy Services, Soft Writers, Inc., THOT Corporation, CarePoint, Inc., HCC Pharmacy Solutions, JASCORP etc. Hardware Requirements: To handle the bar coding effectively in health care sector, all the above mentioned software require adequate hardware support. For the implementation of eMAR services we need; A dependable computer/s with good amount of hard disk space, DD RAM and a latest processor fitted with the bar code reading software and other peripherals. An LCD monitor works well with such systems as it occupies lesser space and the screen in more readable. Bar Code Scanner/ imager ID Bar code printer. This printer has to be a

Confusion misconception Essay Example for Free

Confusion misconception Essay In real life, we encounter many arguments designed to gain our approval. But it is dangerous not to critically analyze these arguments for they may be fallacious. According to â€Å"A fallacy is a type of argument that may seem to be correct but which proves upon examination not to be so†( Copi 72). Fallacious arguments can mislead or deceive people into accepting or believing that an idea /opinion is true/correct or an action is right when in fact, they are not. Ideas/opinions influence our reasoning, that influences our actions, and which in turn directs our destiny. If we have false ideas/opinions then we are more likely to commit wrong actions or give wrong judgment. Therefore, it is important to recognize fallacies for our own sake. On the other hand, knowing fallacies also helps a person how to express his ideas clearly and concisely, having confidence that he was not being misunderstood for he know that what he was trying to say was clearly delivered, having avoided the pitfalls of fallacious reasoning. It also enhances his skill in using the right terms or language to avoid confusion or misconception ( Copi 72-73 and101). The ability to recognize fallacies makes a person a better thinker for then he will be able to use correct reasoning to weigh the â€Å"truthfulness† or â€Å"wrongness† of an idea, opinion or action and hence he will be able to avoid the negative consequences associated with erroneous reasoning. Knowing fallacies therefore, help our thinking abilities, for then it enables a person to â€Å"formulate arguments rigorously and to scrutinize them critically† with the use of logic (Copi 101). Part 2. I agree with the author above that it is important to know fallacies for it will help me to be more cautious and critical in evaluating or accepting an opinion /idea thrown in my direction from various sources. It will help me not to be deceived to agree or to commit an act that at first glance may be right but in the end is fatally wrong. Moreover, I agree with what the author stated that recognizing fallacies makes me a better thinker for, with the use of correct method of reasoning, I will be able to recognize errors in the presentation of arguments. Lastly, I agree with the author’s conclusion that knowing Fallacies enhances my thinking ability for it helps me to be logical, and therefore, not being easily swayed by the opinions of others.

The History Of Public Relations Worldwide Media Essay

The History Of Public Relations Worldwide Media Essay Public Relations have come a long way all around the world (Lee Johnson, 2005). The term public relations was first used by Dorman Eaton in 1882 (Smith, 2010), when he addressed Yale Law school graduates on the The Public Relations of the legal profession. He used the term to refer to an organisations role in serving the public welfare. But actually, public relations go back even further. It is believed that it has existed in the Antiquity. The Greeks called it semantikos meaning semantics which they defined as how to make people believe things and do things. Another example of public relations is in the Ancient Rome when Julius Caesar wrote the first campaign biography, to convince the Roman he would make the best head of state. Certainly during the early of the twentieth century public relations became more significant. In fact, in 1903 Ivy Lee distinguished himself as the first public relations counselor. Wikipedia states that he is among the founding fathers of public relations. He was a counselor to governments and railroads. One of his famous clients was D.Rockefeller (Smith, 2010). Lee believed that public relations should be about: Telling the truth Providing accurate fact The public relations director must have access to top management and must be able to influence decisions Another founding father that marked the history of Public relations is Edward Bernays, student and nephew of Sigmund Freud ( Wikipedia).In 1918, he advised the President of Czechoslovakia to announce Independence on a Monday rather than on a Sunday, to get maximum press coverage. In 1923, Bernays published Crystallizing Public Opinion, (Smith, 2010) in which he established several public relations principles. He said that public relations had these functions include: To interpret the client to the public, which means promoting the client To interpret the public to the client, which means operating the company in such a way as to gain the approval of the public He also advised public relations professionals to seek out group leaders and other key communicators (opinion leaders), who would be able to pass along ideas to other members of the public. Other Bernays concepts were: Public relations is a public service It should promote new ideas and progress Public relations should build a public conscience Some other public relation pioneers are Elmer Davis, who was a former journalist during World War 2. He coordinated public information from the military and also mobilized public support for the war effort in order to decrease the enemys moral. Pendleton Dudhey was also a pioneer of public relations consultant. In 1909, he opened an agency. He emphasized a lot of the public information model of public relations (Smith, 2010) Later in 1957, Anne Willian Wheaton became the associate press secretary to American President Dwight Eisenhower. Her appointment called attention on the growing role of women in public relations (Smith, 2010). Definition of Public Relations Public relations is defined as being aspect of communications that involves promoting a desirable image for a person or group seeking public attention in the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. It also states that the purpose of Public relations is to generate good news, be cautious about what to print or to broadcast, to forestall bad news and analyse the situation, minimize the damage and provide the media with information in moments of crisis. The Barrons Marketing Dictionarys definition goes further by adding that apart from seeking understanding, Public relations also seek acceptance from the public and is about building a sympathetic relationship with the latter, and that it is more concerned about issues rather than products or services. The Marketing Dictionary also states that employees, investors, voters are not to be forgotten when building relationships. Grunig and Hunt support these statements by saying that PR is the management of communication between an organization and the public. Rubel (2007), further elaborates that some of the PR activities are to speak at conferences, to deal with the media, to defend the reputation of an organization, to communicate to the employees, and to engage in social media. Phillips and Young (2009), agree with the fact that the engagement in social media forms part of Public relations since they say that communication tools like personal computers, mobile phones, video game consoles can be used for interactive communication and can thus be used for Interactive Public Relations. In contrast to these statements, the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations perceives PR as an art and a social-science which analyse trends, forecast their consequences, provide organizational leaders with advice, and implement planned programs of action which will be beneficial to the organization and the public. Objectives of Public relations As per the statement in the Reference of Business, to bring forth, sustain and defend the image and reputation of a company, are some of the main objectives of Public relations. It also claims that a companys reputation does have an effect on the consumers buying behaviour and consequently affects the sales and revenue. Other goals which it puts forward are, to generate relationships with the employees, the stockholders and investors, the media and the community. Furthermore, there is the aspect of providing the publics with information about a company or its new legislations, or even educating them about the uses of a product. These points are elaborated in knowthis.com where it is said that PR tools such as newsletters, websites and so on can be used to educate the audiences about products and services and that the objective of Public relations can also be to reinforce a brand by building positive relationships with the publics and enhance the image of the company, because this can prove to be helpful especially in moments of crises. Moreover, it supports the idea that Public relations can help increase sales by stating that a good news release can stimulate demand, thus increasing sales. Advantages of Public relations When it comes to the advantages of Public relations, it can be noticed that credibility is a recurrent word. In an article on Drypen, it is said that one of the advantages of Public relations is that it nurtures credibility, unlike advertising. Which implies that the publics are apt to believe in a news release published in the newspaper or in a magazine but, on the other hand, will be quite sceptical about the advertisement of a product in the newspaper or in a magazine. On top of that, PR messages are viewed as news providing detailed information about a product and are more likely to attract the audiences attention. It is also mentioned that Public relations cost much less than advertising and can be more effective, in the sense that, it can be used to reach small market segments, especially for companies with financial problems. Another advantage is that it helps an organization establish a good image which can be of great help to the latter in case of crisis. Knowthis.com furthe r adds that it may happen that other media pick up an article about a company and contributes in spreading the news to different locations. Disadvantages of Public relations One of the disadvantages stated on TutorsOnNet.com is that there may be distortion of information, in the sense that, the company may be deceived with the end result due to the fact that some information written in the draft have been modified in order to suit the news story and other features in the newspaper. Another disadvantage is that, there is the possibility of the public not being interested in the news release because of some other, more serious news such as war, disasters, crime and so on. On knowthis.com, it is also mentioned that, PR campaigns may not necessarily bring high return on promotional expense, especially if the news media does not consider it important or worth running a story brought forth by a company. Moreover, the fact that the impact of traditional news outlets is decreasing, professionals in the Public relations field are compelled to look for new means to attain the target markets. Advantages of In-House Public relations In a research on the Public relations industry, it is said that, some advantages of in-house PR are that it operates on a full-time basis. Thus the PR officer and other staffs in the PR department are able to dedicate much time working on a PR campaign unlike agencies which have to deal with different clients. Another advantage is that the PR officer can be quickly informed about changes or any other information regarding Public relations since the latter is an integral part of the organization. Moreover, there is the aspect of value for money, in the sense that, the PRO can easily have access to research materials, videos, photographic library of the company, which can be used when working on the house journal or even when dealing with the media, thus working economically. PR department initially cost a lot as compared with consultancy fees, but in the long term, it is greater value for money. Disadvantages of In-House Public relations As stated in the study on the Public relations industry, one of the main disadvantages of in-house PR is the lack of impartiality, training and experience. In an article on issuesinimc.wikispaces.com, it is said that, when it comes to in-house PR, there is the risk of the PR manager bringing some elements of bias in favour of the company. It also adds that it is difficult for managers to train employees from different branches if ever a company has many branches, thus resulting in lack of training. According to Jefkins (1993), PR managers being considered as experts in their field, consequently possess a limited public relations experience, that is, they do not have much knowledge of the general public relations practices. Advantages of Public relations Consultancy On careerride.com, it is said that, one of the advantages of PR consultancy is that it cost less. In addition to that, PR consultancy organizations have a wider experience of the general public relations practices and on top of that, they are more familiar with the media and have good media relations, issuesinimc.wikispaces.com. The article on the Public relations industry also includes the fact that external PR consultancy being an independent organization, will not bring elements of bias. Disadvantages of Public relations Consultancy The disadvantage which is stated on careerride.com is that PR agencies deal with several different clients and not only one client and is therefore not available full time. They may also find it difficult to cope with the companys internal culture. In the Public relations industry study, the disadvantage which is stated is the lack of relationship intimacy and that they have to be loyal to different companies at the same time. The article on issueinimc.wikispaces.com, also include the issue of remoteness of the agency from the company. Definition of Litigation PR Litigation public relations  is the management of the announcement process  during the course of any legal dispute so as to influence the outcome or its impact on the clients overall  reputation (Haggerty, 2003). Background study Petitioners and prosecutors have extensively used mass media to get their part of the story out to the public, but the formal practice of litigation PR, a sub-specialty of crisis communication, first appeared in the early 1980s. Since then, the need for litigation PR has grown immensely as media exposure of court cases and the law has increased. Most parties to a lawsuit have important interests that expand beyond legal concerns. Negative publicity about a litigant can cause damage to an individuals reputation that a courtroom win years later may not salvage. Thus, parties to cases, whether civil or criminal, cannot disregard the impact of negative publicity on public opinion (Reber, Gower, Robinson, 2006). Basic Concepts of Litigation Public Relations- The First Concept-Litigation PR  is to influence the outcome of the court case by encouraging early or favorable arrangement or by pressuring the tribunal into bringing lesser or no chargers (Haggerty, 2003). The Second Concept-Litigation PR  is to protect the clients reputation before and during the trail. In this regard, litigation PR is similar to reputation management. Reputation management is about managing public opinion of an organization or individual. It is about attitude toward the individual and not knowledge itself. An essential aspect of reputation management is influencing attitude about the individual and corporation, which can encourage positive foundation to the benefit of the organization (Haywood, 2002). Litigation PR and Media Coverage Litigation PR on the part of defendants is needed, especially in high-profile cases because the media have unnatural bias in favor of plaintiffs and prosecutors. When allegations are made public, the media tend to cast the lawsuit in terms of victim versus villain. News stories regularly lead with the plaintiff or prosecutors allegations. If the defendants responses are included at all, they appear well into the story. Thus, the defendant is forced on the defensive from the outset. In such situation, working with the media to create more balanced, accurate, and less sensational coverage of a lawsuit is necessary element in defending high profile defendants (Hantler, Schwartz, Goldberg, 2004, p.  8). Fitzpatricks Six Objectives of Litigation Public Relations 1. Counteracting negative publicity. 2. Making a clients viewpoint known. 3. Ensuring balanced media coverage. 4. Helping the media and the public understand complex legal issues. 5. Defusing a hostile environment. 6. Helping resolve the conflict (Fitzpatrick, 1996). To achieve those objectives, the first step is to establish reliability with the media as an information source. The next step is to manage the flow of information to the media so that the right message gets out. The third step is to develop a message that supports the clients position and get that message out to the media and the public (Fitzpatrick, 1996, Haggerty, 2003, Reber, Gower, Robinson, 2006). Differences between Litigation PR and Other PR Practices Litigation PR is highly dependent on the media. Although the practice of PR involves far more than just mediated communication, litigation PR remains dependent on the media. It is because of the medias increased attention to lawsuits that litigation PR has become a necessity for many high profile clients (Gibson, 1998). Because typical public relations campaign strategies and tactics may not be appropriate and may even be harmful at certain times during a lawsuit, the legal tactic must take procedure (Schweitzer, 2003). Litigation PR is more regulated than regular public relations because of the potential to prejudice the legal process (Gibson, 1998). Litigation PR is directed with the emphasis of one-way, irregular communication. Because the law is adversarial in nature, creating a win-lose situation, the goal of litigation PR is to strengthen the legal strategy and theory of the case to make sure a win and to diminish damage to the organizations credibility and reputation (Reber, Gower, Robinson, 2006). Public Relations (PR) Strategies Public Relations involve an array of programs designed to maintain or augment a companys image and the products and services it offers. Successful implementation of an effective public relations strategy can be a vital element to a marketing plan (Berry and Wilson, 2000). In public relations practice, strategy typically refers to the overall concept, approach, or general plan for the program designed to achieve a goal (Cutlip, 2006). A public relations (PR) strategy may play a key role in an organizations promotional strategy. A planned approach to leveraging public relations opportunities can be just as important as advertising and sales promotions (Berry and Wilson, 2000). According to Lages and Simkin (2003), plans give focus and direction to every strategy. Smith (2008) highlighted the point that careful planning leads to programs that are proactive and preventative, rather than to activities that are merely reactive and remedial. So, in order to ensure the success of Strategic Public Relations Planning, Cutlip et al (2003) proposed the four-step problem solving process. PUBLIC RELATIONS STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS Four-step Process Strategic Planning Steps and Program Outline ______________________________________________________________________________ Defining the Problem 1. The Problem, Concern, or Opportunity Whats happening now? 2. Situation Analysis (Internal and External) What positive and negative forces are operating? Who is involved and/or affected? How are they involved and/or affected? ______________________________________________________________________________ Planning and Programming 3. Program Goal What is the desired solution? 4. Target Publics Who-internal and external-must the program respond to, reach, and affect? 5. Objectives What must be achieved with each public to accomplish the program goal? ______________________________________________________________________________ Taking Action and Communicating 6. Action Strategies What changes must be made to achieve the outcomes stated in the objectives? 7. Communication Strategies What message content must be communicated to achieve the outcomes stated in the objectives? What media best deliver that content to the target publics? 8. Program Implementation Plans Who will be responsible for implementing each of the action and communication tactics? What is the sequence of events and the schedule? How much will the program cost? ______________________________________________________________________________ Evaluating the Program 9. Evaluation Plans How will the outcomes specified in the program goal and objectives be measured? 10. Feedback and Program Adjustment How will the results of the evaluations be reported to program managers and used to make program changes? Major Public Relations Tools According to Kotler and Armstrong (2007), there exist various tools that can be used in the practice of public relations. One of the major tools is news whereby PR professionals find or create favourable news about the company and its products or people. They argued that news stories can sometimes occur naturally, and at times the PR person can suggest events or activities that would create news. They mentioned that Speeches can also create product and company publicity and that increasingly, companies are giving talks and speeches at trade associations or meetings for building companys image. Another common PR tool is special events which ranges from news conferences, press tours, grand openings, star-studded spectaculars, or educational programs designed to reach and interest target publics (Kotler and Armstrong, 2007). Also, public relations people prepare written materials to reach and influence their target markets. These materials include annual reports, brochures, articles, and company newsletters and magazines. Audiovisual materials, such as films, slide-and-sound programs, DVDs, and online videos are being used increasingly as communication tools. Corporate identity materials can also help create corporate identity that the public immediately recognizes. Logos, stationery, brochures, signs, business forms, business cards, buildings, uniforms, and company cars and trucks all become marketing tools when they are attractive, distinctive, and memorable (Kotler and Armstrong, 2007). Trends in Public Relations Interactive public relations use internet technologies and tools such as search engine, Web 2.0 social bookmarking, new media relations and social media marketing to allow firms circulate information without relying only on conventional publications and communicate directly with the public, existing and potential customers. It is sometimes called social PR which comprises of a combination of search-optimizing press releases, creating social media releases through tools like Pitch Engine and blogger outreach to promote company news and announcements. Even though press releases were distributed online for more than a decade, its only in the last few years that tools and techniques for combining PR with social media have really emerged, and they continue to evolve. It incorporates all forms of communication and is not solely limited to online press releases and bloggers, but instead uses every element of building relationships while maintaining the significance of the spoken word. Social Media It is mostly talked trend in the public relations industry. PR professionals are communications specialists, and blogs, forums, online video and social networking offer the ability to communicate more affordably and efficiently than ever before. Social media channels give PR expert the possibility to gain access to consumer opinions and behavior. Online Press Releases Newsrooms Press release purpose is changing and it is written with keyword-rich content and distributed with the only aim of better optimizing sites for search engines. The formatting and functionality of press releases and online newsrooms are evolving to integrate social bookmarking, video, blogs, podcasts and RSS feeds. Social Bookmarking Social bookmarking is a method for Internet users to organize, store, manage and search for bookmarks of resources online. Basically the file is not shared but they are bookmarked to refer later on. Social bookmarking sites such as Digg, Del.icio.us and Reddit have changed the way PR consume and share news. Search Engine Optimisation Search engine optimisation has aim to guide and improve website rankings on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN Search. In order to optimise web pages, different methods can be used such as using keywords in the HTML coding, Meta and Title tags, and also Alt tags on images. Good design and easy navigation in the website also helps to optimise it for search engines. However it could be argued that there are some flaws with SEO. There is always the chance of getting too much business. A company with a highly successful website may find that business is moving faster than they can cope. With something such as pay per click advertising, it would be easy to turn off or remove the advertisements, but it wouldnt be as simple to remove a whole website in order to slow down sales. Social networking Social networks are websites that enable individuals to interact with one another via the internet. It allows its users to use this platform to gain interest from web users on a professional or social basis. These websites allow people to not only get to know one another but to also share Photos, music, view TV clips, messages and blogs. In this way Social networks are used by companies in order to promote their brands or products to the public or for general use and as a way of making friends. Examples of social networking platforms are Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Foursquare, etc. These are all online tools companies can use to get more in touch with their customers, create a more personified brand image, and share information about the firm. Sending press releases. Though tied to PR for the past few decades, this is also used in marketing. Press releases are great ways to alert people of new things happening, and great ways to pitch the media. Having a blog. If companies would rather not pitch the media and communicate with their customers through this and social networking, blogs can be a great outlet for information sharing. Hosting forums, chats, chatrooms, etc. This is a means to provide a way for customers to contact you with complaints, concerns, questions, etc. Customers will talk about you anyways, and with the availability of places for them to do so, they have no reason not to. Being more personable. This can be hard to fake, so it takes actual effort, time, and energy. The company needs to utilize the tools above and actually be available and accessible. Going above and beyond expectations. This is something used in customer service, but in PR, you can do the same thing. Customers are used to companies doing the minimum to satisfy their needs, but satisfying and creating loyal customers are very different tasks. RSS Feeds RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds, is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works-such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video-in a standardized format. They are very efficient tool to monitor regularly updated online content, such as: blogs, news headlines, forum posts and podcasts. RSS feeds give PR specialist the ability to consume and filter massive amounts of information and news from mainstream and social media sites. Its reader checks the users subscribed feeds regularly for new work, downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user interface to monitor and read the feeds. RSS allows users to avoid manually inspecting all of the websites they are interested in, and instead subscribe to websites such that all new content is pushed onto their browsers when it becomes available. PR 2.0 PR 2.0 makes use of a combination of social media tools that are available to communications expert to attain and better communicate directly with consumer audiences and influencers. Social Media is a way that allows audiences to drive the communication in their communities. PR expert are starting to incorporate PR 2.0 into their strategy and planning as an effective way to communicate directly to Web 2.0 audiences so as to raise awareness and increase brand awareness. Nowadays these tools are available to reach the audiences who want to control their own communication to know about different brands. Web 2.0 technology combined with an audiences desire to build and share content has transformed the PR industry. PR Podcasts, Vidcasts and Webcasts Podcasts, vidcasts and webcasts are three effective tools available to PR professional whose job is to get the company news to the targeted audiences. Podcasting involves recording to a digital file that can be distributed over the net using syndication feeds for playback on a computer, MP3 player or iPod. Vidcasting is a video-on-demand video clip delivered to computers and can be downloaded and watched at the viewers convenience. Webcasts differ from podcasts and vidcasts in that they can either be live or recorded. Webcasting can be thought of as broadcasting via the Internet.