A novel structured on the theme of morality, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay Example For Students

A tale organized on the topic of ethical quality, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay A tale organized on the topic of ethical quality, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain centers around Huck Finns multifaceted growing up process. Huck, through his capers and disasters is obliged to persevere through the horrifying procedure from youth to adulthood where he accomplishes self-information and finds his own character. All through the excursion down the Mississippi River, Jim, Ms. Watsons runaway slave, goes with Huck, and is later joined by two scalawags. It is during this excursion that an incredible good emergency in Hucks life happens where he should settle on a difficult choice with respect to whether he is going to surrender Jim to the slave trackers or tell Ms. Watson about Jims whereabouts and help him to stay a liberated individual. This is the defining moment in his character where through profound reflection, he figured out how to think and reason ethically for himself. He arrives at his own decisions, unaffected by the acknowledged, and regularly dishonest, view of Southern culture. Huck additionally decodes reality even with lies held by the hostile society with its insidious nature. From the very presentation of Huckleberry Finn in the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huck was known for his dominance of pulling pranks on those simple to his jokes. In this novel, he pulled two pranks on Jim, enough to never cause him to do something like this again. The first run through as a joke, Huck puts a dead rattler close Jims dozing spot, and its mate comes and nibbles Jim. He learned for the good of his own never to do that since it could have been him chomped by the snake. Notwithstanding, the second trick Huck pulls on Jim unbeknownst to him doesn't appear to be as interesting as he suspected it would be the point at which he imagined that the entire mist episode was an invention of Jims creative mind. Jim was harmed by Huck and calls him waste, the specific defining moment of Hucks ethical quality; he even had the conventionality to apologize, demonstrating acknowledgment to a dark man. As I quote from pages 83-84 What do dey stan for? Ise gwyne to let you know. At the point when I got all destroyed wid work, en wid de callin for you, en rested, my heart wuz mos broke bekase you wuz los, en I didn kyer no mo what become er me en de raf. En when I wake up en fine you back agin, all protected en soun, de tears come, en I could a got down on my knees en kiss yo foot, Is so appreciative. En all you wuz thinkin session wuz how you could make a nitwit uv ole Jim wid an untruth. Dat truck dah is TRASH; en refuse is the thing that individuals is dat puts earth on de head er dey frens en makes em embarrassed. At that point he got up moderate and strolled to the wigwam, and went in there without saying anything besides that. In any case, that was sufficient. It caused me to feel so mean I could nearly kissed HIS foot to get him to take it back. It was fifteen minutes before I could stir myself up to proceed to lower myself to a nigger; however I done it, and I warnt ever upset for it a short time later, not one or the other. I didnt do him not any more mean stunts, and I wouldnt done that one if Id a knowed it would cause him to feel that way. As a peruser, you can perceptibly observe the quantity of falsehoods Huck tells, in any event, conning a couple of individuals. Be that as it may, you can comprehend the significance of his innocent embellishments that prompted the security of Jim against slave-trackers by disclosing to them his dad was sick with the smallpox. Huck is additionally troubled with the way that Jim thinks of him as his best and just companion in the entire world, making him consciensously mindful that he should now keep Jim secured under whatever condition. Pages 87-88 statements Hucks endeavor at keeping the slave-trackers from the pontoon. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Only one, sir. .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 , .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .postImageUrl , .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 , .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:hover , .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:visited , .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:active { border:0!important; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:active , .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua85bb40c46 207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua85bb40c46207ec8f41a4ac1cb45f497:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Tempest Epilog AnalysisWell, theres five niggers run off to-night up , over the leader of the curve. Is your man white or dark? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ Hes white. I figure well take a quick trip and see with our own eyes. I wish you would, says I, since its pap that is there, and perhaps youd assist me with towing the pontoon shorewards where the light is. Hes sick㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and so is mam and Mary Ann. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ Set her back, John, set her back! says one. They upheld water. Fend off, boy㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ keep to looard. Bewilder it, I simply expect the breeze has blowed it to us. Your paps got the little pox, and yo u know it valuable well. Why didnt you come out and say as much? Would you like to spread it everywhere? In addition to the fact that he realizes Jim is a human, however he likewise discovers that lying can really carry out beneficial things, contingent upon the reason. A significant part of the novel comprises of Huck deceiving people in light of the fact that honestly, he wants to help those in unrest, for example, the looters on the sinking pontoon, the girls of dead Peter Wilks, and such. This understanding is a piece of Hucks learning process as he finds that a portion of the things the he has been educated negate what is by all accounts right. The last and issue that crosses over into intolerability that uncovered Hucks development was the point at which he was pondering whether he ought to keep in touch with Ms. Watson to inform that Jim was subjugated at the Phelps. Page 206 It was a nearby spot. I took it up, and grasped it. I was a-trembling, since Id got to, always, in between two things, and I knowed it. I examined a moment, kind of holding my breath, and afterward says to myself: Good, at that point, Ill GO to hell㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and destroyed it. It was horrendous considerations and dreadful words, yet they was said. Also, I let them stay said; and never pondered transforming. I pushed the entire thing off of my mind, and said I would take up underhandedness once more, which was in my line, being brung ready, and the other warnt. What's more, for a starter I would go to work and take Jim out of subjugation once more; and on the off chance that I could brainstorm anything more awful, I would do that, as well; as long as I was in, and in for good, I should go the entire hoard. The social results of his activities had at one point been thought about, as opposed to the exercises he found out about correspondence of men. He was additionally troubled with the idea that Ms. Watson had done nothing incorrectly to him and here he was helping her got away from slave. He chooses to get lost for helping a slave escape as opposed to following societys merciless standards since he had just chosen then he was not going to return the acculturated world. Despite the fact that Jim is a slave, Huck has just figured out how to perceive Jim as a genuine person with feelings and profound thought for his family. In view of these ends, he will successfully battle for his companions legitimate opportunity. By the center of the novel, anybody can imagine how Huck Finn took in an extraordinary exercise of fairness and made a total 360 in turning into a renewed individual. In any case, this isn't so in light of the fact that from the time that Tom Sawyer, Hucks companion from St. Petersburg, comes back to the image, Huck returns to his obscene ways and dismisses Jim as what he once trusted him to be, an equivalent. The two of them toy around with Jim as they plan his departure from the Phelps. All in all, his difficult work to battle against the misleading standards of society at the opportunity arrived directly back and sucked him into their convictions, all to intrigue his companion. When he returns to living in their general public, he would no longer feel like he would have a state in his lifestyle and goals particularly the way that Aunt Sally would edify him. This thought of being enraptured and made to be socialized sometimes falls short for Huck, he intends to flee toward the west to get away from every one of that loads him in this general public.

Should Students Have to Wear Uniforms free essay sample

Should understudies need to wear outfits? Generally each and every state funded school has a school uniform arrangement. I feel that school outfits remove opportunity of decision, school regalia put a prevent from understudies show their character. It would be way better if government funded schools might remove school garbs and let understudies dress the manner in which they need to, obviously dressing suitably. Most importantly, it removes opportunity of decision. The school as of now has enough standards, why remove considerably more. Schools consistently have explicit necessities on the most proficient method to wear your uniform and that isn't reasonable. Understudies get it inconvenience for wearing blend coordinated socks or various hues shoe-bands. It’s crazy for somebody to prevent somebody from doing that. Second, school outfits prevent individuals from indicating who they truly are. They don't encourage the understudies individuals who are not quite the same as themselves. Numerous individuals believe that coteries will frame. We will compose a custom paper test on Should Students Have to Wear Uniforms or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Trust me they will, however why not tackle this issue. You’re surrendering and saying since you can’t acknowledge each other when you are unique, we’re going to make all of you the equivalent. Third, numerous individuals in state funded schools have various societies. They are required to wear customary apparel however school outfits prevent them from that. They either wear the uniform or get in a tough situation. That isn't reasonable for them by any stretch of the imagination. That is something you’re detracting from them, you can’t simply take someone’s convention. Fourth, it will be simpler for our folks. Consistently guardians have so much pressure since they need to purchase regalia and in light of the fact that the understudies don’t have opportunity of decision on wearing what they need, they choose they need the best outfits out there. Garbs can come out to be over the top expensive. School outfits remove numerous things from you. I think it isn't right and that it ought to be removed. Numerous understudies will concur with me on this. Each individual ought to have a decision and making them wear garbs resembles constraining them to wear it. We would be in an ideal situation without outfits. Much obliged to you.

How False Memories Are Formed

How False Memories Are Formed Theories Cognitive Psychology Print False Memories and How They Form By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by on January 27, 2020 Image Source / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Most of us like to believe that we have a reasonably good memory. Sure, we might forget where we left our car keys once in a while and of course, we have all forgotten someones name, an important phone number, or maybe even the date of our wedding anniversary. But when it comes to remembering the important things, like a cherished childhood event, our memories are accurate and trustworthy, right? While we might liken our memories to a camera, preserving every moment in perfect detail exactly as it happened, the sad fact is that our memories are more like a collage, pieced together sometimes crudely with the occasional embellishment or even outright fabrication. Recent research has helped demonstrate just how fragile human memory can be. We are frighteningly susceptible to errors, and subtle suggestions can trigger false memories. Surprisingly, people with exceptional memories are still susceptible to making things up without even realizing it. In one famous experiment carried out in 1994, memory expert Elizabeth Loftus was able to get 25 percent of her participants to believe a false memory that they were once lost in a shopping mall as a child. Another 2002 study revealed that half of participants could be led to wrongly believe that they had once taken a hot air balloon ride as a child simply by showing them manipulated photo evidence. Most of the time, these false memories are centered on things that are fairly mundane or inconsequential. Simple, everyday events that have few real consequences. But sometimes these false memories can have serious or even devastating consequences. A false memory relayed during criminal testimony might lead to an innocent person being convicted of a crime. Clearly, false memory has the potential to be a serious problem, but why exactly do these incorrect memories form? Take a Deeper Look Into Human Memory Inaccurate Perception Human perception isnt perfect. Sometimes we see things that arent there and miss obvious things that are right in front of us. In many cases, false memories form because the information is not encoded correctly in the first place. For example, a person might witness an accident but not have a clear view of everything that happened. Recounting the events that occurred can be difficult or even impossible since they did not actually witness all of the details. A persons mind might fill in the gaps by forming memories that did not actually occur. Inference In other cases, old memories and experiences compete with newer information. Sometimes it is old memories that interfere or alter our new memories, and in other instances, new information can make it difficult to remember previously stored information. As we are piecing old information back together, there are sometimes holes or gaps in our memory. Our minds try to fill in the missing spaces, often using current knowledge as well as beliefs or expectations. For example, you can probably distinctly remember where you were and what you were doing during the terrorist attacks of 9/11. While you probably feel like your memories of the event are pretty accurate, there is a very strong chance that your recollections have been influenced by subsequent news coverage and stories about the attacks. This newer information might compete with your existing memories of the event or fill in missing bits of information. Emotions If youve ever tried to recall the details of an emotionally-charged event (e.g., an argument, an accident, a medical emergency), you probably realize that emotions can wreak havoc on your memory. Sometimes strong emotions can make an experience more memorable, but they can sometimes lead to mistaken or untrustworthy memories. Researchers have found that people tend to be more likely to remember events connected to strong emotions, but that the details of such memories are often suspect. Retelling important events can also lead to a false belief in the accuracy of the memory. One 2008 study found that negative emotions, in particular, were more likely to lead to the formation of false memories. Other studies have suggested that this false memory effect has less to do with negative emotions and more to do with arousal levels. A 2007 study found that false memories were significantly more frequent during periods of high arousal than during periods of low arousal, regardless of whether the mood was positive, negative, or neutral. Misinformation Sometimes accurate information gets mixed with incorrect information, which then distorts our memories for events. Loftus has been studying false memories since the 1970s and her work has revealed the serious consequences that misinformation can have on memory. In her studies, participants were shown images of a traffic accident. When questioned about the event after seeing the images, the interviewers included leading questions or misleading information. When the participants were later tested on their memory of the accident, those who had been fed misleading information were more likely to have false memories of the event. The serious potential impact of this misinformation effect can be easily seen in the area of criminal justice, where mistakes can literally mean the difference between life and death. Brainerd and Reyna (2005) suggest that false recollections during the interrogation process are the leading cause of false convictions. Misattribution Have you ever mixed up the details of one story with the details of another? For example, while telling a friend about your last vacation you might mistakenly relate an incident that happened on a vacation you took several years ago. This is an example of how misattribution can form false memories. This might involve combining elements of different events into one cohesive story, misremembering where you obtained a particular piece of information, or even recalling imagined events from your childhood and believing that they are real. Fuzzy Tracing When forming a memory, we dont always focus on the nitty-gritty details and instead remember an overall impression of what happened. Fuzzy trace theory suggests that we sometimes make verbatim traces of events and other times make only gist traces. Verbatim traces are based on the real events as they actually happened, while gist traces are centered on our interpretations of events. How does this explain false memories? Sometimes how we interpret information does not accurately reflect what really happened. These biased interpretations of events can lead to false memories of the original events. Final Thoughts While researchers are still learning more about the mechanisms behind how false memories form, it is clear that false memory is something that can happen to virtually anyone. These memories can range from the trivial to the life-altering, from the mundane to the potentially fatal. Nearly two decades of research on memory distortion leaves no doubt that memory can be altered via suggestion, wrote Loftus and Pickerell in a seminal 1995 article. People can be led to remember their past in different ways, and they even can be led to remember entire events that never actually happened to them. When these sorts of distortions occur, people are sometimes confident in their distorted or false memories, and often go on to describe the pseudomemories in substantial detail. These findings shed light on cases in which false memories are fervently heldâ€"as in when people remember things that are biologically or geographically impossible. The Consequences of False Memories

What Type of Climate Does Mongolia Have

Mongolia is high, cold, and dry. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north, which averages 20 to 35 centimeters per year, and lowest in the south, which receives 10 to 20 centimeters (see fig. 5). The extreme south is the Gobi, some regions of which receive no precipitation at all in most years. The name Gobi is a Mongol meaning desert, depression, salt marsh, or steppe, but which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support marmots but with enough to support camels. Mongols distinguish gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even Bactrian camels can survive.br/>Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November through March and are about freezing in April and October. January and February averages of -20Â ° C are common, with winter nights of -40Â ° C occurring most years. Summer extremes reach as high as 38Â ° C in the southern Gobi region and 33Â ° C in Ulaanbaatar. More than half the country is covered by permafrost, which makes construction, road building, and mining difficult. All rivers and freshwater lakes freeze over in the winter, and smaller streams commonly freeze to the bottom. Ulaanbaatar lies at 1,351 meters above sea level in the valley of the Tuul Gol, a river. Located in the relatively well-watered north, it receives an annual average of 31 centimeters of precipitation, almost all of which falls in July and in August. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of -2.9Â °C and a frost-free period extending on t he average from mid-June to late August.Mongolias weather is characterized by extreme variability and short-term unpredictability in the summer, and the multiyear averages conceal wide variations in precipitation, dates of frosts, and occurrences of blizzards and spring dust storms. Such weather poses severe challenges to human and livestock survival. Official statistics list less than 1 percent of the country as arable, 8 to 10 percent as forest, and the rest as pasture or desert. Grain, mostly wheat, is grown in the valleys of the Selenge River system in the north, but yields fluctuate widely and unpredictably as a result of the amount and the timing of rain and the dates of killing frosts. Although winters are generally cold and clear, there are occasional blizzards that do not deposit much snow but cover the grasses with enough snow and ice to make grazing impossible, killing off tens of thousands of sheep or cattle. Such losses of livestock, which are an inevitable and, in a se nse, normal consequence of the climate, have made it difficult for planned increases in livestock numbers to be achieved. Source USSR, Council of Ministers, Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography, Mongolskaia Narodnaia Respublika, spravochnaia karta (Mongolian Peoples Republic, Reference Map), Moscow, 1975.

The Internet Is A Vital Part Of The Modern World - 1626 Words

The Internet is a vital part of the modern world. It is a tool that is used world-wide on a daily basis, and is continuing to grow as technology advances. The Internet can be used for basically anything and everything which is why it is such an important part of every day life. In recent years, the Internet has become a huge E-commerce market since it provides an array of benefits for both consumers and businesses such as variety, convenience, reliability, and mostly tax-free. However, the days of tax-free online shopping may be coming to an end as a result of the Market Place Fairness Act which was passed by the Senate in 2013. Currently, the bill is moving on to the House where it will be decided if it will be banned or not. This†¦show more content†¦The House needs to overturn the Marketplace Fairness Act and ban Internet sales tax. There is currently an ongoing debate between proponents and opponents of the Marketplace Fairness Act. According the the National Conference of State Legislatures, sales taxes account for over one-third of revenues for most states including over half of the tax revenues in six states (Jagoda 2014). Due to this, proponents of the act have highlighted the issue of having low tax revenues in state and local governments are actually weakening public services. â€Å"Each year, about $10 billion in tax on Internet sales goes uncollected† (Mazerov 2011). Supporters argue that this means there is $10 billion that states do not have to invest in government funded projects such as schools, hospitals, and roads. However, the people do not realize that the supporters and legislators in state capitals are just avoiding the more difficult decision of whether to cut spending or raise taxes due to the fear of voter backlash. Proponents of the bill also argue that online retailers have an unfair advantage over brick-and-mortar retailers. Local businesses are required to charge sales tax (with the exception of states that do not ha ve sales tax) creating a 5% to 10% price disadvantage in comparison to online retailers (Mazerov 2011). Supporters also argue that physical stores are taken advantage of because customers will browse products in their store only to go home and buy the product online,Show MoreRelated Art Nature and Technology: Remaking Land and Body1267 Words   |  6 Pagesprogressing the movement of art in modern society. With ways of communicating, networking and creating art all through a digital, simulated world, we are slowly substituting the real, with the virtual. Most experiences can already be simulated through video games and other virtual reality software. The internet has become an encyclopaedia that encapsulates the sum of almost all human knowledge; one can find an infinite amount of information through the internet. We are already seeing a decline inRead MoreImpacts Of Technology E Commerce1471 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Internet in the 1950’s, development of technology beg an for use by the military until it was soon introduced to the public for commercial and private use. Throughout the decades ever since, technology was then on the road to sudden rapid expansion, with a big boom in new hardware, software and internet capabilities such as faster computer speeds, faster internet connections and efficient software. Convenient services appeared such as E-Commerce (or Electronic Commerce) where internet usersRead MoreNewspaper And Other Traditional Sources Of Journalism1379 Words   |  6 Pagesthat a free press is widely considered essential to democracy, many groups are deeply concerned about this trend.† Traditional Journalism against New Modern Journalism Journalism is one of the most important part of mass communication around the world in this modern era. The era in which people connected with internet and technology is playing vital role in every human being. According to American Press Institute â€Å"Journalism is the activity of gathering information, assessing, creating and presentingRead MoreThe Development Of Creative Thinking Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesthis assumption, in fact, it is possible to work out this type of response to the problems. It is only vital to find the right approach and develop specific tactics aimed at the formation of creative thinking. Time goes fast, rapidly evolving technology going forward and the progress requires human attention and concentration, flexible thinking, and quick adaptation to what is happening. The world is constantly in need of interchange of different problems with the help of creative approaches. CathyRead MoreE Marketing : The Implementation Of Electronic Marketing Essay135 0 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, many modern businesses are using the internet as a way of marketing their products, paving way for e-marketing to grow rapidly. The implementation of electronic marketing has led to a tremendous growth in the shape and nature of the modern businesses worldwide. The rise in the usage of e-marketing devices such as cell phones and e-mail in electronic exchanges may not only create business opportunities but might also eradicate their major threats. It is clear that the internet, e-marketingRead MoreSocial Media Invention1120 Words   |  5 PagesUndoubtedly, social media is one of the most important and outstanding inventions nowadays. It is play a vital role in our daily life. Social media is aprocess of share and exchange the information between people in virtual networks and communitese . Also, we can define it as a group of application that depend on ideological and technological fundations of internet and these application help to create a con tent and exchange the idea and thoughts. Also,. it depend on mobile and web site to giveRead MoreBusiness Communication in the Past 20 Years1406 Words   |  6 Pagesadvertising, customer relation and employ engagement. One can relate the field of business communication to technical communication as there is many similarities between both fields. Channels which used in business communication include radio, television, internet, word of mouth and print media. Internal communication can also be defined as business communication which is managed by director of communication where an employee in the organization receives craft messages from the management. It is importantRead MoreThe World Of The Digital Age Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesreconnect. The Internet has provided a way to obtain and share a vast amount of information instantaneously on devices such as laptops and mobile phones. As a result, the number of users is increasing at an exponential rate as more people go online and embrace the convenience of the world-wide web. Social media sites allow the user to share personal information, photographs and videos at their own discretion as well as view the information shared by others, such sites have become an integrated part of everydayRead MoreThe Term â€Å"New Literacy† Encompasses Such An Extensive Range1044 Words   |  5 Pagesever-changing digital world. New literacies encompass those skills that will allow individuals to change with technology (Leu et al., 2015). It is imperative that new literacy also prepare students to successfully navigate technology that has not yet been invented (Knobel Lankshear, 2014). Individuals highly skilled in new literacy will be characterized by an understanding of the language and tactics used in the digital world. This meta-cognition of new literacy allows them to take part in the digitalRead MoreSociological Concepts Of Identity And Globalization1083 Words   |  5 PagesSuggested by Van Kreiken, soc iology helps researchers ‘understand the world around them, especially how it is changing. (Kreiken 2011, p2) thus it is only natural that sociologists are intrigued at how relationships operate and their evolution over the past century. This essay will endeavor to critically examine the sociological concepts of identity and globalization, and the manner in which they have swayed the aspect of human relationships in Australian society, over the course of history. My

Study into English Courseware for Slow Learners Free Essays

Abstract- Current tendency indicate that larning through the usage of application and courseware had become of import instruction method. However, it is different instance for slow scholars. As most schools easy accommodating the more effectual instruction method, they can non maintain up with the flow. We will write a custom essay sample on Study into English Courseware for Slow Learners or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though there are courseware developed for the slow scholars, the courseware is far from carry throughing their specific demands. Statistic shows that in a US typical schoolroom there will be 3 or 4 slow scholars. In countries of poorness and many low-income urban countries, the kids per schoolroom who could be characterized as slow scholars might be twice that figure. The feature of the slow scholars are frequently described as immature in dealingss, find it hard to work out complex job, work really easy, can easy lose path of clip, unable to execute long-run ends, and have hapless concentration accomplishments. However, they are really good with hands-on stuffs. This paper will show the development of courseware made to learn English for the slow scholars. Keywords-component: courseware ; slow scholars ; English ; Introduction Background Slow scholars are no longer rare instances in Malaysia. However, they are non categorized as people with particular demands. Some might confound the slow scholars with dyslexia. However, both footings are different. Dyslexic will hold troubles in larning to read and compose despite holding same learning procedure and attempt with others. For slow scholars, they do non make good at schools or undertaking that require extended reading, authorship, and mathematic but they perform great outside category particularly in hands-on undertakings. They will necessitate excess clip in finishing the undertakings given. Because of their features, slow scholars are ever left behind as they can non catch up with the larning procedure gone through by other childs. Even though new engineering has been developed to heighten larning procedure, they are left out because it is non suited for their acquisition demands. This undertaking is intend to heighten the English courseware specifically for the slow scholars in manner that will function their acquisition demands which is different from other childs. The courseware will be focus on non-linear techniques to do it flexible and more contributing for the slow scholars. As there is non much of courseware developed for slow scholars, the merchandise of the undertaking will significantly convey the acquisition procedure for the slow scholars into new degree and lighten up the hope for them to larn like normal childs. Problem Statement Teaching slow scholars is n’t same like learning normal childs. Teaching them require different methods and attacks because of their features. As larning procedure traveling on taking advantage of computing machines and cyberspace, slow scholars are left behind because there are no specific acquisition applications for them that will accommodate their demands particularly in critical topics such as Science and Mathematic. There are tonss of courseware in the market out at that place but it is excessively small in Numberss and it is far from perfect. This new courseware to be developed will be a great tool for instructor to learn English to the slow scholars because it will heighten what ‘s already in the courseware and do it better. Aims and Scope of Surveies Aims The aim of this undertaking is to heighten the current English courseware from Mohd Izzat Helmi Bin Yahya ‘s English Courseware for Slow Learners undertaking and will be specifically designed for the slow scholars so that the acquisition procedure will accommodate their demands. Because of their features, the courseware will necessitate careful designation.. The courseware will enrich English larning procedure which already in the current courseware and do it more synergistic and flexible. Scope of Surveies The undertaking will affect the survey of slow scholar behaviour and courseware development. The consequence of the survey so will be analyzed to develop and heightening cognitive accomplishments developing that will be integrated with the courseware so that the mark to learn slow scholars can be achieved. Target group of the courseware will be primary school pupil in Standard 4 to Standard 6 ( 10-12 old ages old ) . The courseware will be developed as a game to learn General English. Literature Review Game-Based Learning Marc Prensky ( 2003 ) says that since Pong is introduced in 1974, the alone expertness that game interior decorators have honed to a superfine border is participant battle: the ability to maintain people in their seats for hr after hr, twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours, at ecstatic attending, actively seeking to make new ends, shouting with hilarity at their successes, determined to get the better of their failures, all the piece imploring for more. Along with the new engineering that had been developed in recent old ages, games had become more than merely amusement, it had evolve to go the medium of larning. In Digital Game-Based Learning ( Prensky, 2001 ) , explain that kids presents are different from old coevals where they grow up with digital engineering and their heads are altering to suit the engineerings with which they spend more clip. From at that place, it is clear that most kids today from different gender, ages and societal groups spends most of the clip with vid eo games. Many experts see the values in video games as a medium of larning. Its true that this kids love games more than schools but their attitudes toward games is the attitude of the scholars ; passionate, concerted, and actively affect in problem-solving. Research by Zyda ( 2007 ) argue that computing machine games are an piquant medium for acquisition, since games can excite cognitive procedures such as reading explicit and inexplicit information, deductive and inductive logical thinking, problem-solving, and doing illations from information displayed across a figure of screens To specify game based acquisition will be rather complicated because there are several different sentiment on the affair. Kirjavainen ( 2009 ) specify game-based acquisition as field of research and game design based on observations that play, structured or unstructured, conditions the human encephalon for transmutation and acquisition. Wee Hoe Tan ( 2008 ) defines game-based acquisition as signifier of learner-centered acquisition that uses electronic games for educational intents. However, the construct of game-based acquisition is still the same ; the usage of game with the defined acquisition results for the intent of acquisition. Kasvi ( 2000 ) lists the seven demands for effectual acquisition environment as: Supply a high strength of interaction and feedback ; Have specific ends and established processs ; Be motivational ; Supply a continual feeling of challenge, non excessively hard to be frustrating nor excessively easy to make ennui ; Supply a sense of direct battle on the undertaking involved ; Supply the appropriate tools that fit the undertaking ; and Avoid distractions and breaks that destroy the subjective experience. Kasvi ( 2000 ) suggests that computing machine games fulfill all of these demands and believes that they â€Å" satisfy them better than most other larning mediums † . By looking at how the Western universe had utilised game as larning faculty in schoolroom, it proves that the statement is true. R.V. Eck ( 2006 ) explain that games like Civilization, SimCity 4, Cruise Ship Tycoon, and Roller Coaster Tycoon had already been implemented in schoolroom. Peoples might be disbelieving at first glimpse. All these games have prove them incorrect. For illustration, in Roller Coaster Tycoon pupils build roller-coasters to different specifications, which is what applied scientists should make. By widening the gameplay with basic larning procedure like calculus physic cognition, it will do a valuable acquisition experience. Slow Learners in Malaya In Malaysia, dyslexic kids had begin to have attending when MyLexics, a courseware to assist the dyslexic learn basic Malay linguistic communication is introduced ( Haziq, 2009 ) . However, it ‘s a different narrative for the slow scholars. In fact, there are instances reported where slow scholars are left behind in the categories ( NST, 2008 ) . Cases like this should n’t go on because even though they are weak in survey they are decidedly really good in other facets. Even worse, One in every three juvenile delinquent in unity school in prison or detainment centres shows larning troubles including being slow scholars. ( The Star, 2008 ) Many believe that if these young person non identified and helped will do them to stop up as felons. Most of them tend to drop out of schools and vulnerable to negative influence because of the job they facing. Get the better ofing the Failings Research by LearningRX ( 2006 ) argue that weak cognitive accomplishments are the cause of larning disablements such as dyslexia and decelerate acquisition. Important accomplishments such as concentration, perceptual experience, memories and logical thought are non every bit good as other normal people which make reading, authorship, and believing more hard. However, this failing can be improved through specific preparation and testing. Mel Levine ( 2008 ) explain that how Kitty Hawk Elementary School in North Carolina America had implied School Attuned Program utilizing the Neurodevelopmental Profiles where all pupils with different cognitive accomplishments can larn. Lisa Galleli, a instructor at Kitty Hawk describes her direction program for one such pupils as â€Å" He had important graphomotor failings with spelling and authorship. But he truly shined in his societal accomplishments and that made all the difference in the universe. He was besides good at math and job resolution . We use his strength who keep him motivated with success while undertaking his authorship job. † The consequence had proved that it is non impossible to get the better of the failing. Neurodevelopmental Profile is researched and synthesized by Mel Levine and his co-workers consist of 8 concepts that are: Table 1: 8 concepts of Neurodevelopmental Profiles Attention This includes the ability to concentrate, concentrate on one thing instead than another, finish undertakings, and command what one says and does Temporal-sequential ordination Whether it ‘s being able to declaim the alphabet or forcing a response button on Jeopardy, being able to understand the clip and sequence of pieces of information is a cardinal constituent of acquisition. Spatial ordination The ability, for case to separate between a circle and square or to utilize images to retrieve related information Memory Even if people are able to understand, form, and construe complex information at the minute, their inability to shop and subsequently remember can dramatically impact their public presentation. Language Developing linguistic communication maps involves luxuriant interaction between assorted parts of the encephalon that control such abilities as pronouncing words, understanding different sounds and groking written symbols Neuromotor maps The encephalon ‘s ability to organize motor or musculus map is cardinal to many country of acquisition, including authorship and keyboarding. Social knowledge One of the most unmarked constituents of acquisition is the ability to win in societal relationship with equal force per unit area. Higher-order knowledge This involve the ability to understand and implement the stairss necessary to work out jobs, attack new countries of acquisition and believe creatively. By recognizing that every homo have some strong maps and some weak 1s, Mel Levine found that it is possible to depict each person ‘s alone mix of strength and failings. Using the right method in developing the courseware and the right attack for the slow scholars, it is non impossible that this courseware will be decidedly assist them. Formative VS Summative Evaluation In order to garner informations for the sweetening of the courseware, an appraisal demand to be done. There are two methods to be used ; formative rating and summational rating. Harmonizing to H.L Roberts ( 2009 ) , formative ratings besides known as developmental or execution rating assess what works and what does non work about a peculiar activity or undertaking as it is go oning. It is used to measure the value of a undertaking as it is taking topographic point to find how it can be improved. The method usage in formative rating is the same like other appraisal which include study, interview or informations aggregation. This type of rating relies on qualitative informations that is how participants felt about the procedure every bit good as quantitative informations, such as charts or trial tonss. Formative rating typically involves a little group of users and participants in the undertaking being evaluated. Participants in formative ratings look non merely at the ends of the procedure and whether those ends are achieved but besides at the procedure itself and where that procedure is a successful one or non. Even though this type of appraisal is rather co mplex, there are benefit in it. It allow early designation of possible job in the topic of appraisal. Furthermore, it can be a good manner of gage the user perceptual experience on the topic because it rely on user feedback. As for summational rating, Fox Valley Technical College ( 2007 ) depict it as procedure that concerns concluding rating to inquire if the undertaking or plan met its ends. It is cumulative in nature. It concentrates on scholar results instead than merely the plan of direction where the purpose is to find the user ‘s command and apprehension of information, construct, accomplishment or procedure. Ongoing summational appraisal represents of import tools for supervising the advancement across clip. There are assorted method of summational appraisal such as presentation, licensing, internship, portfolio or clinical. Summational rating is typically quantitative, utilizing numeral tonss or missive classs to measure learner accomplishment. In a sense, it lets the scholar know â€Å" how they did † and â€Å" how good they are † However, there ‘s more to it. By looking at how the scholar ‘s did, it helps to cognize whether the merchandise teaches what it is su pposed to learn and how efficient it is. Here the courseware will be utilizing formative rating method. By utilizing formative rating, the current English courseware functionality can be assessed to happen out whether its working to absolutely or not.. Even if the courseware is working decently, it wo n’t carry through its aims if the user ( in this instance pupil ) do n’t wish it or holding job in utilizing it. By utilizing formative rating method, user feedback can be recorded and country of betterment can be found. In decision, formative rating method will measure the courseware from two positions ; the courseware functionality and user feedback. Both will greatly assist in the enhancement procedure of the current courseware. Methodology Throw-Away Prototyping The methodological analysis chosen for the undertaking would be Throw-Away Prototyping. Dummy paradigm, which is presentational merely will be developed. Thorough analysis will be done before first silent person paradigm is developed to guarantee the paradigm have enough inside informations stand foring existent working system. From at that place, the silent person paradigm will be shown and tested with the user to acquire feedback and identify extra demand. The following paradigm will be developed until it truly visualise existent working system. When it is ready and all issues are resolved, it will be implemented as fully-functional system. Figure 1: Throw-Away Prototyping Planing The planning stage is the important 1 in developing the undertaking. First thing to be considered is how the undertaking will be developed. For that, the Gantt Chart for the undertaking is build so that each undertaking milepost during the one twelvemonth of the undertaking can be tracked. Other than that, research is made to happen suited tool to be used for the development of the undertaking. As the undertaking intended to heighten the current courseware, research besides made to place suited trial topic to seek the current courseware. Initial Analysis During this stage, the trial scenario is developed and interview every bit good as questionnaire is build to acquire informations from the mark school. Data is gathered every bit much as possible which besides include slow scholar course of study in school and from there thorough analysis is done. The intent is to place strengths, failings, country of betterment and what to be done for the enhancement procedure. Prototype Building After all analysis has been done, the design of the courseware begins. A study is done to acquire the overview of new courseware to be developed. The study will gone through polish to incorporate the content and multimedia elements ( lifes, flow of information, etc ) . The inside informations of the design will be recorded. After all inside informations completed, the development of the paradigm Begin. When the silent person paradigm is complete with all needed characteristics, it will so prove at the school to happen whether it visualise all the issue that should be addressed. If farther polish is required, the silent person paradigm will continuously be build until all demands is complete. Execution After all demands had been fulfilled and the silent person paradigm is truly visualising the courseware, it will be declared to be complete and existent working courseware will be implemented. Research Methodologies To acquire all the information required, two research methodological analysiss will be chosen that are: Interview: An interview is conducted with the several instructor of the school. A trial scenario will be deployed to the pupil utilizing the current courseware along with the interview. This is portion of formative rating that will prove the functionality of the courseware and estimate the user on how they use the courseware. The aim is to place the strengths and failings of the current courseware and happen the country of betterment. Questionnaire: The interview and questionnaire will be done with the several instructor to derive in deepness inside informations of how slow scholars learn and gain all relevant informations which will be mention in developing the new courseware. Result A ; Discussion Requirement Gathering Interview In the manner of garnering informations required for the sweetening of the English courseware, an interview is conducted with Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of Special Education for Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf who is besides the English instructor for Particular Education Department. Using the current courseware made by Mohd Izzat Helmi B Yahya, a trial scenario is deployed where the end is to place the strengths and the failings of the courseware so that the consequence found can be implemented during the development of new English courseware. The trial scenario will verify the conditions and stairss taken in utilizing the courseware sample to acquire the consequence for farther analysis. Three slow scholar pupils from Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf take portion in the trial scenario. Below are the inside informations of the three pupils: Answering 1 – A 12 old ages old male child and is fixing for his UPSR following twelvemonth. He falls into the class of normal slow scholar. His public presentation in the category is really good. He has the basic accomplishments of utilizing computing machine which make him able to utilize the sample courseware decently. Answering 2 – A 12 old ages old male child. He falls under the class of slow scholar and Syndrom Down. He has the basic accomplishments of utilizing computing machine which make him able to utilize the sample courseware decently. Answering 3 – A 7 old ages old male child. He merely started his school early this twelvemonth. He is the most ambitious pupil because he falls under the ICU slow scholars class. Furthermore, he does n’t hold basic accomplishments of utilizing computing machine which make the trial scenario more hard to be performed. The intent of taking these three pupils is to detect how different classs of slow scholars make usage of and respond to the courseware. Basically, all the pupil use the courseware in the same manner depends on their cognition and accomplishments about computing machine. Below is the sum-up of consequence from the trial scenario done with all three pupils. Table 2: Summary of trial Scenario Result No Simulation Date Action and Data Expected Consequence Actual Consequence 1 12 Apr 2010 Establish the courseware interface Courseware interface appear successfully 2 12 Apr 2010 Establishing subject 1 Subject 1 launched successfully 3 12 Apr 2010 Launch ‘Learn ‘ from subject 1 bill of fare Learning faculty appear successfully 4 12 Apr 2010 Checking sound for subject one Audio working successfully 5 12 Apr 2010 Checking synchronism of audio and ocular flows. Audio and ocular is synchronized Flow of audio and ocular is excessively fast 6 12 Apr 2010 Click the button ‘Play Again ‘ for subject 1 acquisition faculty Audio and ocular rematch 7 12 Apr 2010 Launch ‘Exercise ‘ for subject 1 Exercise launched successfully Exercise for Topic 3 about colourss appear 8 12 Apr 2010 Performing exercising about Numberss Exercise done successfully Exercise can non be performed because exercising for colourss appear 9 12 Apr 2010 Click the button ‘Play Again ‘ for subject 1 exercising Exercise can be redo Exercise appear is non for subject 1 10 12 Apr 2010 Establishing subject 2 Subject 2 launched successfully 11 12 Apr 2010 Launch ‘Learn ‘ from subject 2 bill of fare Learning faculty appear successfully 12 12 Apr 2010 Click and hover on the images of the organic structure parts Audio and visuals working to depict the images Audio working merely if pointer is hovered on the image. When image clicked, nil happened 13 12 Apr 2010 Launch ‘Exercise ‘ for subject 2 Exercise launched successfully 14 12 Apr 2010 Drag the words into the several organic structure portion Wordss dragged successfully Because there are some input of the exercising non in the acquisition faculty of subject 2, pupil get confused easy 15 12 Apr 2010 Click the button ‘Play Again ‘ for subject 1 exercising Exercise can be redo 16 12 Apr 2010 Establishing subject 3 Subject 1 launched successfully 17 12 Apr 2010 Launch ‘Learn ‘ from subject 3 bill of fare Learning faculty appear successfully 18 12 Apr 2010 Click and hover on the images of the colour. Audio and visuals working to depict the images Audio appear when the image is clicked. When it is hovered nil happened 19 12 Apr 2010 Launch ‘Exercise ‘ for subject 3 Exercise launched successfully 20 12 Apr 2010 Draging each colour into the several jar. Each colour dragged successfully 21 12 Apr 2010 Tax return to courseware interface from any point of the courseware Courseware interface appear successfully Other that that, Pn Khadijah says that, the instruction course of study and method are different from the mainstream course of study. They use preschool course of study in their acquisition faculties However, if they show good public presentation the instructor will fix them to be in national scrutiny like UPSR. More information about the interview will be explained in the following subdivision below. Questionnaire In order to acquire in-depth inside informations of demands of the courseware to be developed, interviews and questionnaire is conducted with the several instructors of the schools. This is of import because non all required informations can be acquired through the trial scenario appraisal. The instructor replying the questionnaire is Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of Special Education for Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf. She has old ages of experience in learning slow scholars particularly in English topic. Pn Khadijah is given the overview of the current English courseware and so she is given the questionnaire. Below is the consequence of questionnaire answered by the instructor: Datas Analysis From the interview and questionnaire conducted with pupils and instructor of Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf, there are several issue should be addressed about the current English courseware and besides what can be improved for the courseware to be developed: Flow of audio and ocular must be synchronized and non excessively fast because slow scholars could n’t catch up if it ‘s excessively fast For unknown ground, exercising for Topic 1 that should cover about Numberss is replaced with exercising from Topic 3 which is about colorss consequences in holding two exercisings about colorss and the absences of exercising about figure. The direction is different than what can be done in the acquisition faculty. For illustration the direction of subject 2 says to snap the image to hear the sound. But alternatively, the sound merely look when pointer is hovered on the image. Nothing happened when it is clicked. Input signal of the exercising should be the same as what it appears in the acquisition faculties to avoid confusion for slow scholars. For illustration, the input of the exercising for subject 2 includes the tummy portion even though it is non taught in the acquisition faculties. Input of larning faculties should n’t be more than 5 in a subject because slow scholars could easy bury what they learn if there ‘s excessively many input. Slow scholars in Malaysia are familiar with the Malaysia English. Using U.S English or Britain English in the courseware would confound them. Students particularly childs like larning utilizing computing machine. Slow scholars are non excluded. So the courseware to be developed must be visually attractive. Proposed System Architecture Figure 2: Proposed System Architecture The courseware will incorporate usage suited multimedia elements that will back up synergistic acquisition environment either for the usage at school or at place. This will do the acquisition procedure will be more piquant and entertaining. The courseware will dwell of 3 faculties chiefly developed for pupils of Standard 4 to Standard 6. All this faculties will be developed based on larning course of study for slow scholars from Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf. After the application is launched, pupils will be accessing the courseware interface. To guarantee the flexibleness of the acquisition procedure, pupils will be given freedom to take which faculty they want to utilize. After each faculty there will be exercising that will prove the pupil ‘s understand of the current subject. However, pupils are free to take whether they want to make the exercising or non. If they do n’t desire to make the exercising, they can continue to following faculty or return to the courseware interface to take other faculties. In turn toing that slow scholars can non get by with excessively much input at a clip, each faculty will dwell of two parts. This will enable the pupils to enrich their acquisition without taking excessively much input at a clip. They have the freedom to take which portion they want to utilize in a faculty. The three faculties are: Numbers, Reading Skills, Body Parts. Faculty 1: Numbers The first faculty will learn the pupils the foundation of acknowledging Numberss. The first portion will learn about how to place ordinal and central Numberss and what ‘s the difference about them. The 2nd portion will learn the pupil how to distinguish between uneven Numberss and even Numberss utilizing the same faculties in current English courseware with sweetening made on it. Faculty 2: Reading Skills This faculty is intended to heighten the reading accomplishments of the students.. The activity in the first portion will be focus on duplicate image. Each clip a image from two sets of images will be shown to the pupil and from there the pupils will be asked to fit the image with the image from the set which is non shown. The 2nd portion will concentrate on duplicate missive and words. The construct will be the same like in the first portion. Faculty 3: Body Partss This faculty will learn the pupil the foundation of placing organic structure parts. The first portion will learn the pupil about chief organic structure parts in general. The 2nd portion will learn the pupil specifically about parts on caput The tools chosen for the development of the undertaking will be Gamemaker 8. The ground to utilize this tool is because it is easy to be used compared to most of other tools. It allow the user to utilize aggregation of freeware images and sound for starting motors like the writer to do a game looking courseware which will embrace on drag-and-drop action utilizing the mouse. This tool will be used along with other tools like Adobe Photoshop CS3 and Macromedia Flash where necessary to do the courseware more synergistic and rich. Decision Current English courseware is utilizing basic construct of uniting sound with ocular in the instruction. Even though, it is still non perfect. There is tonss of country for betterment can be made for the courseware. The writer ‘s undertaking will take the chance to do sweetening on the courseware to maximise its possible. The new courseware to be developed will be more synergistic and rich piece in the same clip turn toing the issue of current courseware. With aid from assorted parties such as the writer ‘s supervisor, Miss Elaine, instructors of Sekolah Kebangsan Sultan Yusuf every bit good as other people, this undertaking will win. Recognition The current courseware mentioned in this paper is developed by Mohd Izzat helmi B Yahya where his work had been base for the writer ‘s English courseware developed for slow scholars. Here the writer besides would wish to thank Ms. Elaine Chen Yoke Yie as the supervisor for the undertaking, Pn Khadijah, Coordinator of Special Education for Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Yusuf, and all other parties who had contribute to the undertaking whether straight or indirectly. How to cite Study into English Courseware for Slow Learners, Essay examples

Program and Curriculum Planning

Introduction Preschoolers usually develop their vital skills for learning before the age of eight years in early childhood. A curriculum for preschoolers should foster skills that are developmentally appropriate for gaining academic advantages for later years. Failure to learn such skills among preschoolers can have severe consequences in later academic performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Program and Curriculum Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of the administrator in the program and curriculum planning is different from that of the teacher National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) notes that administrator’s roles are mainly planning, implementing, and evaluating an early care and education program (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2005). These roles entail both leadership and management activities. The administrator offers the staff a general idea of the curriculum for preschoolers. This is mainly in the curriculum mapping for preschoolers. The administrator organizes the publication of record for all classes for enhancing collaboration and support among teachers. The administrator’s roles become analogous in relation to the role of the teacher. In other words, the administrator clarifies the preferred performance and ensures that there are necessary conditions for achieving such performances. This may be necessary for setting a school continuum for successive years. In some cases, the administrator may work together with teachers in order to develop a suitable activity for learners as a way of facilitating the achievement of the desired goals. This also includes the provision of the necessary resources and discussion of the curriculum map with teachers. Administrators also provide guidance to teachers with regard to assessment of preschool learners’ performance. This maintains the relationship b etween school practices and the national, state, and local standards for a preschool curriculum. The administrator may also work with curriculum developers in order to enhance a diverse approach to curriculum development and planning. This may include the decision on the scope and sequence of the curriculum content. In this context, the administrator must ensure that curriculum developers update contents as learners become dynamic. In this regard, teachers must also note that teaching is dynamic and needs continual improvement to allow preschoolers to acquire the necessary skills.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The administrator must also focus on the development of staff for learners. The administrator must ensure that teachers have adequate time and resources for staff development and training to plan for curricula implementation. In addition, he must encourage collaboration among teachers. Finally, the administrator must also engage parents in education of their children. This may require parents to contribute positively toward learning of their children. Learning and developmental needs of preschoolers Preschoolers are in the process of development, and they show interests in the surrounding environment. Preschoolers use all their senses to explore the world around them, which reflect their eagerness to learn through experiences and play. Such activities help them to develop skills in various areas of learning. Preschoolers experience physical development, social and emotional development with peers and intellectual development that allows them to express themselves. A developmentally appropriate program (DAP) for preschoolers must address three significant areas that cover developments in children. First, DAP must have skills that preschoolers need at their age based on research findings. The program must also account for diverse needs and backgrounds of e very learner. Finally, DAP should also reflect cultural and social backgrounds of learners. It is important for the administrator or the teacher to inquire about the â€Å"learner’s developmental history and family background† (Gadzikowski, 2013) during enrolement in the school. This assists teachers in understanding the child’s physical, social, emotional, and intellectual needs. Addressing cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development of preschoolers as well as classroom management and the daily schedule A balanced DAP should address physical, emotional, social, and cognitive needs of preschoolers. Curriculum developers must note that all these aspects are interrelated, and teachers must implement them simultaneously for preschoolers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Program and Curriculum Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The DAP must address physical and interactive needs of preschoolers because these are the major activities they do. Such activities may look like play to any observer, but a well-designed classroom encourages preschoolers to engage in social learning concerning themselves and their peers. Preschoolers’ programs should have songs and games together with cognitive developmental contents, which can develop literacy skills. Preschoolers can engage in the following activities: Playing Walking along straight and curved lines and learn about balancing Sorting objects Mixing colors Engaging in stories Songs and dance Make objects Classroom management should consist of having a leader to manage some tasks like paper passer, line leader, and snack leader among others. They can change roles on a weekly basis. The teacher should manage transition among preschoolers. The teacher can manage transition by helping preschoolers to finish their tasks as scheduled and proceed to the next activity. First, the teacher must have a set of daily a ctivities. Setting a structure shall help preschoolers to follow routines for a smooth transition. Second, the teacher should use a timer to control time management. He can signal learners and count for the last few left minutes to the end. Finally, the teacher can change the location of learners during different tasks. Such changes help learners to know specific locations for various activities. Teachers must plan their classroom management in advance for effective outcomes. The daily schedule helps the teacher to manage the classroom and daily activities. The teacher must assist preschoolers to manage their time for a smooth transition from one activity to another. The Daily Schedule Time Activity Explanation 8:30AM Arrival Teacher meets learners and take attendance record 8:30 – 9:30 Play Preschoolers play freely in the classroom 9:30 -10:00 Breakfast Preschoolers are likely to be hungry at this time 10:00 – 10:15 Socialization Learners exchange ideas, activities, objects, sing, dance 10:15 – 10:45 Content-related activity Learners engage in learning curriculum contents that reinforce skills e.g., arts, songs, painting 10:45 – 11:15 Math activity Preschoolers engage in number works 11:15 – 11:45 Theme-related activity Teacher selects specific activities for learners 11:45 – 12:15 Science, P.E, music Teacher must choose a specific day for these activities 12:15 – 12:30 Clean up Preschoolers tidy up classroom, wash hands, and prepare for lunch 12:30 – 1:30 Lunch break 1:30 -2:00 Outdoor activities Preschoolers may play outside the classroom 2:00 – 3:00 Independent reading Language study Teacher reads for the student after play At age four, children can recognize letters Teacher assesses the progress of learners on different skills 3:00 – 3:45 Art activities Activities may be related to themes as in the curriculum Creative expression among learners 3:45 â⠂¬â€œ 4:15 Independent play Preschoolers can play on their own 4:15 – 4:30 Snack Healthy snack for the kids 4:30 Going home and goodbye Teacher reminds learners of the day’s activities Explain how your program aligns with the philosophy, vision, and mission statements you created in Week One Preschoolers learn best by playing and interacting with others. The DAP aims to create relaxed environments for learners that enhance their interaction, play, and retention of concepts through theme-related contents, reading, language, mathematics, songs and independent play among others.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How the program aligns with NAEYC’s indicators of an effective curriculum This DAP is for preschoolers. Before the age of eight years, preschoolers need to develop their skills in physical, cognitive, social, emotional aspects of development. The NAEYC’s indicators for an effective curriculum emphasizes that a good DAP should be â€Å"thoughtfully planned, challenging, engaging, developmentally appropriate, culturally and linguistically responsive, comprehensive, and likely to promote positive outcomes for all young children† (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2009). This DAP has included several activities to ensure that preschoolers are actively engaged in all learning process. There are clear aims based on evidence from effective methods of developing a curriculum for preschoolers. DAP also accounts for values in teaching as learners explore environments and play on their own. This is a comprehensive approach to preschoolers’ le arning activities, which also focus on theme-related contents from the national curriculum and align them with the local and state standards. It is likely to benefit preschoolers. The administrator ensures training and support for teachers with the required resources. DAP gives learners roles in the classroom as leaders, promotes the use of physical learning, effective program management, and healthy habits among learners. In addition, it recognizes the role of teachers in assessing learners’ progress. Overall, the program relies on â€Å"developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate and effective teaching approaches that enhance each child’s learning and development in the context of the program’s curriculum goals† (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2008). It is also consistent with the philosophy of preschoolers’ curriculum contents. References Gadzikowski, A. (2013). Administration of early childhood educati on programs. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2005). Program Administrator Definition and Competencies. Web. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2008). Overview of the NAEYC: Early Childhood Program Standards. Web. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2009). Where We Stand on Curriculum, Assessment, and Program Evaluation. Web. This essay on Program and Curriculum Planning was written and submitted by user Kyleigh A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.